Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Informal recycling of waste (including e-waste) is an emerging source of environmental pollution in India. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and heavy metals, among other substances, are a major health concern for workers engaged in waste disposal and processing, and for residents living near these facilities, and are also a detriment to the natural environment. The main objective of this review article was to evaluate the status of these impacts. The review found that, huge quantity of e-waste/waste generated, only a small amount is treated formally; the remainder is processed through the informal sector. We also evaluated the exposure pathways, both direct and indirect, and the human body load markers (e.g., serum, blood, breast milk, urine, and hair), and assessed the evidence for the association between these markers and e-waste exposure. Our results indicated that the open dumping and informal e-waste recycling systems should be replaced by the best available technology and environmental practices, with proper monitoring and regular awareness programs for workers and residents. Further and more detailed investigation in this area is also recommended.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adeyeba OA, Akinbo JA (2002) Pathogenic intestinal parasites and bacterial agents in solid wastes. East Afr Med J 79:604–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agusa T (2005) Contamination by trace elements in human and its effects in Asian developing countries. Thesis for doctoral degree in Ehime University, pp. 1–329

  • Agusa T, Kunito T, Ramu K, Chamnan C, Trang PTK, Minh BT, Subramanian A, Iwata H, Viet PH, Tana TS, Tanabe S (2006) Lead contamination and its human health effects in India, Vietnam and Cambodia. Biomed Res Trace Elements 17(4):413–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali MHH, Al-Qahtani KM (2012) Assessment of some heavy metals in vegetables, cereals and fruits in Saudi Arabian markets. Egyptian J Aqua Res 38(1):31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asano S, Eto K, Kurisaki E, Gunji H, Hiraiwa K, Sato M, Sato H, Hasuike M, Hagiwara N, Wakasa H (2000) Acute inorganic mercury vapor inhalation poisoning. Pathol Int 50:169–174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asante KA, Agusa T, Biney CA, Agyekum WA, Bello M, Otsuka M, Itai T, Takahashi S, Tanabe S (2012) Multi-trace element levels and arsenic speciation in urine of e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie, Accra in Ghana. Sci Total Environ 424:63–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Awasthi AK, Zeng X, Li J (2016) Environmental pollution of electronic waste recycling in India: a critical review. Environ Pollut 211:259–270

  • Balabanic D, Rupnik M, Klemencic AK (2011) Negative impact of endocrine-disrupting compounds on human reproductive health. Reprod Fertil Dev 23:403–416

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balde CP, Wang F, Kuehr R, Huisman J (2015) The global e-waste monitor—2014: quantities, flows and resources. United Nations University, IAS – SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany, pp 1–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee M, Siddique S, Mukherjee S, Roychoudhury S, Das P, Ray MR, Lahiri T (2012) Hematological, immunological, and cardiovascular changes in individuals residing in a polluted city of India: a study in Delhi. Int J Hygiene Environ Health 215(3):306–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binelli A, Sarkar SK, Chatterjee M, Riva C, Parolini M, Bhattacharya BD, Bhattacharya AK, Satpathy KK (2007) Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment cores of Sundarban mangrove wetland, northeastern part of Bay of Bengal (India). Mar Pollut Bull 54(8):1220–1229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birkett JW (2003) Scope of the problem. In: Birkett JW, Lester JN (eds) Endocrine disrupters in wastewater and sludge treatment processes. Lewis Publishers, IWA Publishing, London, pp 324–325, 40

    Google Scholar 

  • Bocio A, Domingo JL, Falco G, Llobet JM (2007) Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in fish and seafood from the Catalan (Spain) market: estimated human intake. Environ Int 33(2):170–175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom MS, Vena JE, Swanson MK, Moysich KB, Olson JR (2005) Profiles of ortho-polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene, and Mirex among male Lake Ontario sportfish consumers: the New York State Angler cohort study. Environ Res 97:178–194

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bright DA, Richardson GM, Dodd M (2006) Do current standards of practice in Canada measure what is relevant to human exposure at contaminated sites? I: a discussion of soil particle size and contaminant partitioning in soil. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 12(3):591–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bunger J, Antlauf-Lammers M, Schulz T, Westphal G, Muller M, Ruhnau R (2000) Health complaints and immunological markers of exposure to bio-aerosols among biowaste collectors and compost workers. Occup Environ 7:458–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai L, Li XK, Song Y, Cherian MG (2005) Essentiality, toxicology and chelation therapy of zinc and copper. Curr Med Chem 12(23):2753–2763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calderon-Garciduenas AB, Acuna H, Garcia R, Gambling TM, Osnaya N, Monroy S, Tizapantzi MDR, Carson JL, Villarreal-Calderon A, Rewcastle B (2002) Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicol Pathol 30(3):373–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caroli S, Alimonti A, Coni E, Petrucci F, Senofonte O, Violante N (1994) The assessment of reference values for elements in human biological tissues and fluids: a systematic review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 24(5-6):363–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chabukdhara M, Nema AK (2013) Heavy metals assessment in urban soil around industrial clusters in Ghaziabad, India: probabilistic health risk approach. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 87:57–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan JKY, Xing GH, Xu Y, Liang Y, Chen LX, Wu SC, Wong CKC, Leung CKM, Wong MH (2007) Body loadings and health risk assessment of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans at an intensive electronic waste recycling site in China. Environ Sci Technol 41(22):7668–7674

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao HR, Wang SL, Lee WJ, Wang YF, Papke O (2007) Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. Environ Int 33(2):239–245

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chao HR, Wang SL, Lee CC, Yu HY, Lu YK, Papke O (2004) Level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls (PCDD/Fs, PCBs) in human milk and the input to infant body burden. Food Chem Toxicol 42:1299–1308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen AM, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho SM (2011) Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: an emerging health concern. Environ Health Perspect 119(4):431–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chojnacka K, Gorecka H, Chojnacki A, Gorecki H (2005) Inter-element interactions in human hair. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 20(2):368–374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CPCB (2011) Implementation of e-waste rules 2011 guidelines. Central Pollution Control Board. Ministry of Environment & Forests. http://www.cpcb.nic.in/ImplimentationE-Waste.pdf

  • Dallaire F, Dewailly E, Muckle G, Vezina C, Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Ayotte P (2004) Acute infections and environmental exposure to organochlorines in Inuit infants from Nunavik. Environ Health Perspect 112(14):1359–1365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dallaire F, Dewailly E, Vezina C, Muckle G, Weber JP, Bruneau S, Ayotte P (2006) Effect of prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on incidence of acute respiratory infections in preschool Inuit children. Environ Health Perspect 114(8):1301–1305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damstra T, Barlow S, Bergman A, Kavlock R, van der Kraak G (2002) Global assessment of the state-of-the-science of endocrine disruptors. International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • Devanathan G, Subramanian A, Someya M, Sudaryanto A, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Chakraborty P, Tanabe S (2009) Persistent organochlorines in human breast milk from major metropolitan cities in India. Environ Pollut 157(1):148–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devanathan G, Subramanian A, Sudaryanto A, Takahashi S, Isobe T, Tanabe S (2012) Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site. Environ Int 39(1):87–95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dreosti IE (2001) Zinc and the gene. Mutat Res Fundamen Mol Mechan Mutagen 475(1-2):161–167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duan HB, Eugster M, Hischier R, Streicher-Porte M, Li JH (2009) Life cycle assessment study of a Chinese desktop personal computer. Sci Total Environ 407(5):1755–1764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi A, Nomiyama K, Devanathan G, Subramanian A, Bulbule KA, Parthasarath P, Takahashi S, Tanabe S (2012) Different profiles of anthropogenic and naturally produced organohalogen compounds in serum from residents living near a coastal area and e-waste recycling workers in India. Environ Int 47:8–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi A, Nomiyama K, Minh Tue N, Trang PT, Hung Viet P, Takahashi S, Tanabe S (2015) Residue profiles of organohalogen compounds in human serum from e-waste recycling sites in North Vietnam: association with thyroid hormone levels. Environ Res 137:440–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EPA (2010) An exposure assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers EPA/600/R-08/086F. Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteban M, Castano A (2009) Non-invasive matrices in human biomonitoring: a review. Environ Int 35(2):438–449

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang W, Yang Y, Xu Z (2013) PM10 and PM2.5 and health risk assessment for heavy metals in a typical factory for cathode ray tube television recycling. Environ Sci Technol 47:12469–12476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feig DI, Reid TM, Loeb LA (1994) Reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 54(7 Suppl):1890–1894

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira-Baptista L, Miguel ED (2005) Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda, Angola: a tropical urban environment. Atmos Environ 39:4501–4512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald EF, Hwang SA, Bush B, Cook K, Worswick P (1998) Fish consumption and breast milk PCB concentrations among Mohawk women at Akwesasne. Am J Epidemiol 148(2):164–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher JS, Macpherson S, Marchetti N, Sharpe RM (2003) Human “testicular dysgenesis syndrome”: a possible model using in utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Human Reprod 18:1383–1394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frazzoli C, Asongalem EA, Orisakwe OE (2012) Cameroon–Nigeria–Italy scientific cooperation: veterinary public health and sustainable food safety to promote “one health/one prevention”. Rapporti ISTISAN 12/49; 2012. [204 pp. www.iss.it]

  • Frazzoli C, Petrini C, Mantovani A (2008) Sustainable development and next generation’s health: a long-term perspective about the consequences of today’s activities for food safety. Ann Ist Super Sanita 45(1):65–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Frederiksen M, Vorkamp K, Thomsen M, Knudsen LE (2009) Human internal and external exposure to PBDEs—a review of levels and sources. Int J Hyg Environ Health 212:109–134

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Albrecht M, Appel M, Hilger B, Volkel W, Liebl B, Roscher E (2015) PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PBDEs in blood samples of a rural population in South Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 218(1):41–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu HZ, Ho YS, Sui YM, Li ZS (2010) A bibliometric analysis of solid waste research during the period 1993—2008. Waste Manage 30(12):2410–2417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu HZ, Li ZS, Wang RH (2015) Estimating municipal solid waste generation by different activities and various resident groups in five provinces of China. Waste Manage 41:3–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu JJ, Zhang AQ, Wang T, Qu GB, Shao JJ, Yuan B, Wang YW, Jiang GB (2013) Influence of e-waste dismantling and its regulations: temporal trend, spatial distribution of heavy metals in rice grains, and its potential health risk. Environ Sci Technol 47(13):7437–7445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galli A, Kitzes J, Niccolucci V, Wackernagel M, Wada Y, Marchettini N (2012) Assessing the global environmental consequences of economic growth through the ecological footprint: a focus on China and India. Ecol Indicator 17:99–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardella JR, Hill JA (2000) Environmental toxins associated with recurrent pregnancy loss. Semin Reprod Med 18:407–424

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garlapati VK (2016) E-waste in India and developed countries: management, recycling, business and biotechnological initiatives. Renew Sust Energy Rev 54:874–881

  • Gibbs LM (1982) Love canal: my story. State University of N. York Press, Albany (NY)

    Google Scholar 

  • Goorah SS, Esmyot ML, Boojhawon R (2009) The health impact of nonhazardous solid waste disposal in a community: the case of the Mare Chicose landfill in Mauritius. J Environ Health 72:48–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Goulle JP, Mahieu L, Castermant J, Neveu N, Bonneau L, Laine G, Bouige D, Lacroix C (2005) Metal and metalloid multi-elementary ICP-MS validation in whole blood, plasma, urine and hair: reference values. Forensic Sci Int 153(1):39–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guan P, Tajimi M, Uehara R, Watanabe M, Oki I, Ojima T, Nakamura Y (2006) Congener profiles of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in the breast milk samples in Tokyo, Japan. Chemosphere 62(7):1161–1166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha NN, Agusa T, Ramu K, Tu NP, Murata S, Bulbule KA, Parthasaraty P, Takahashi S, Subramanian A, Tanabe S (2009) Contamination by trace elements at e-waste recycling sites in Bangalore, India. Chemosphere 76(1):9–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Brune MN, Buka I, Carpenter DO, Chen A, Huo X, Kamel M, Landrigan PJ, Magalini F, Diaz-Barriga F, Neira M, Omar M, Pascale A, Ruchirawat M, Sly L, Sly PD, Berg MV, Suk WA (2015) E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: a growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect. doi:10.1289/ehp.1509699

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang J, Deng FR, Wu SW, Guo XB (2012) Comparisons of personal exposure to PM2.5 and CO by different commuting modes in Beijing, China. Sci Total Environ 425:52–59

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu J, Xiao X, Pa P, Huang W, Chen D, Cai Y (2013) Spatial distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PCDDs/Fs) in dust, soil, sediment and health risk assessment from an intensive electronic waste recycling site in Southern China. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1889–1896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huo X, Peng L, Xu XJ, Zheng LK, Qiu B, Qi ZL, Zhang B, Han D, Piao ZX (2007) Elevated blood lead levels of children in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling town in China. Environ Health Perspect 115(7):1113–1117

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey HE, Gardiner JC, Pandya JR, Sweeney AM, Gasior DM, McCaffrey RJ (2000) PCB congener profile in the serum of humans consuming Great Lakes fish. Environ Health Perspect 108:167–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ILO (2012) The global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge/Karin Lundgren; International Labour Office, Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment (SafeWork). Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR), Geneva, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/--sector/documents/publication/wcms_196105.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Itai T, Otsuka M, Asante KA, Muto Mamoru Ankomah YO, Ansa-Asare OD, Tanabe S (2014) Variation and distribution of metals and metalloids in soil/ash mixtures from Agbogbloshie e-waste recycling site in Accra, Ghana. Sci Total Environ 470–471:707–716

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson JL, Fein GG, Jacobson SW, Schwartz PM, Dowler JK (1984) The transfer of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) across the human placenta and into maternal milk. Am J Public Health 74:378–379

  • Jakobsson K, Fang J, Athanasiadou M, Rignell-Hydbom A, Bergman A (2012) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal serum, umbilical cord serum, colostrum and mature breast milk. Insights from a pilot study and the literature. Environ Int 47:121–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarup L (2003) Hazards of heavy metal contamination. Br Med Bull 68:167–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang QT, Hanari N, Miyake Y, Okazawa T, Lau RKF, Chen K, Wyrzykowska B, So MK, Yamashita N, Lam PKS (2007) Health risk assessment for polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated naphthalenes in seafood from Guangzhou and Zhoushan, China. Environ Pollut 148(1):31–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Julander A, Lundgren L, Skare L, Grander M, Palm B, Vahter M, Liden C (2014) Formal recycling of e-waste leads to increased exposure to toxic metals: an occupational exposure study from Sweden. Environ Int 73:243–251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung RC, Aaronson J (1980) Death following inhalation mercury vapor at home. West J Med 132:539–542

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostyniak PJ, Stinson C, Greizerstein HB, Vena J, Buck G, Mendola P (1999) Relation of Lake Ontario fish consumption, lifetime lactation, and parity to breast milk polychlorobiphenyl and pesticide concentrations. Environ Res 80(2):S166–S174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar B, Verma VK, Sharma CS, Akolkar AB (2014) Estimation of toxicity equivalency and probabilistic health risk on lifetime daily intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban residential soils. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 21(2):434–444

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar B, Verma VK, Sharma CS, Akolkar AB (2015) Estimation of toxicity equivalency and probabilistic health risk on lifetime daily intake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban residential soils. Hum Ecol Risk Assess: An Inter J 21:434–444

  • Kunisue T, Tanabe S (2009) Hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) in the blood of mammals and birds from Japan: lower chlorinated OH-PCBs and profiles. Chemosphere 74(7):950–961

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kunisue T, Watanabe M, Iwata H, Subramanian A, Monirith I, Minh TB, Baburajendran R, Tana TS, Viet PH, Prudente M, Tanabe S (2004) Dioxins and related compounds in human breast milk collected around open dumping sites in Asian developing countries: bovine milk as a potential source. Archiv Environ Conta Toxicol 47(3):414–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labunska I, Harrad S, Santillo D, Johnston P, Brigden K (2013) Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil, sediment and dust samples collected from various electronic waste recycling sites within Guiyu town, southern China. Environ Sci Process Impact 15(2):503–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laidlaw MAS, Filippelli GM (2008) Resuspension of urban soils as a persistent source of lead poisoning in children: a review and new directions. Appl Geochemistry 23(8):2021–2039

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lepawsky J, McNabb C (2010) Mapping international flows of electronic waste. Can Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 54(2):177–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leung AOW, Luksemburg WL, Wong AS, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in Southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41:2730–2737

  • Leung AOW, Chan JKY, Xing GH, Xu Y, Wu SC, Wong CKC, Leung CKM, Wong MH (2010) Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in childbearing-aged women at an intensive electronic-waste recycling site in China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17(7):1300–1313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li N, Yuan K, Weijian P, Zeng L, Zhang Q, Luo J (2015a) Concentration and transportation of heavy metals in vegetables and risk assessment of human exposure to bioaccessible heavymetals in soil near a waste-incinerator site. South China Sci Total Environ 521–522:144–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Li J, Chao D (2014) Occurrence, characteristics and leakage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in leachate from municipal solid waste landfills in China. Environ Pollut 184:94–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li H, Yu L, Sheng G, Fu J, Peng P (2007) Severe PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in air around an electronic waste dismantling area in China. Environ Sci Technol 41(16):5641–5646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li J, Duan H, Yuan W (2009) Case study of a Suzhou pilot project on the suitable treatment technology for scrap computers in China. 2009 IEEE Inter. Symp. Sustainable Systems Technol. 197-201. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5156714

  • Li J, Zeng X, Chen M, Ogunseitan OA, Stevels A (2015b) “Control-alt-delete”: rebooting solutions for the e-waste problem. Environ Sci Technol 49:7095–7108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Huo X, Liu JX, Peng L, Li WQ, Xu XJ (2011) Assessment of cadmium exposure for neonates in Guiyu, an electronic waste pollution site of China. Environ Monit Assess 177(1-4):343–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li MH, Hansen LG (1997) Consideration of enzyme and endocrine interactions in the risk assessment of PCBs. Rev Toxicol 1:71–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovine AG (1982) Love Canal: science, politics and people. Lexington Books, Massachusetts

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo P, Bao LJ, Li SM, Zeng EY (2015) Size-dependent distribution and inhalation cancer risk of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a typical e-waste recycling and an urban site. Environ Pollut 200:10–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma J, Kannan K, Cheng J, Horii Y, Wu Q, Wang W (2008) Concentrations, profiles, and estimated human exposures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from electronic waste recycling facilities and a chemical industrial complex in Eastern China. Environ Sci Technol 42(22):8252–8259

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mato Y, Suzuki N, Katatani N, Kadokami K, Nakano T, Nakayama S, Sekii H, Komoto S, Miyake S, Morita M (2007) Human intake of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin like PCBs in Japan, 2001 and 2002. Chemosphere 67(9):S247–S255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGraw JE, Waller DP (2009) Fish ingestion and congener specific polychlorinated biphenyl and p, p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene serum concentrations in a great lakes cohort of pregnant African American women. Environ Int 35(3):557–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McRill C, Boyer LV, Flood TJ, Ortega L (2000) Mercury toxicity due to use of a cosmetic cream. J Occup Environ Med 42:4–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menikpura SNM, Santo A, Hotta Y (2014) Assessing the climate co-benefits from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling in Japan. J Clean Prod 74:183–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miekeley N, Dias MTW, Carneiro CL, Silveira P (1998) How reliable are human hair reference intervals for trace elements? Sci Total Environ 218:9–17

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazaki W, Iwasaki T, Takeshita A, Kuroda Y, Koibuchi N (2004) Polychlorinated biphenyls suppress thyroid hormone receptor-mediated transcription through a novel mechanism. J Biol Chem 279(18):18195–18202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukawa H, Nomiyama K, Kunisue T, Watanabe MX, Subramanian A, Iwata H, Ishizuka M, Tanabe S (2015) Organohalogens and their hydroxylated metabolites in the blood of pigs from an open waste dumping site in south India: association with hepatic cytochrome P450. Environ Res 138:255–263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukawa H, Nomiyama K, Nakatsu S, Yachimori S, Hayashi T, Tashiro Y, Nagano Y, Tanabe S (2013) Species-specific differences in the accumulation features of organohalogen contaminants and their metabolites in the blood of Japanese terrestrial mammals. Environ Pollut 174:28–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mocarelli P, Gerthoux PM, Patterson DG, Jr Milani S, Limonta G, Bertona M, Signorini S, Tramacere P, Colombo L, Crespi C, Brambilla P, Sarto C, Carreri V, Sampson EJ, Turner WE, Needham LL (2008) Dioxin exposure, from infancy through puberty, produces endocrine disruption and affects human semen quality. Environ Health Perspect 116:70–77

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohmand J, Eqani SAMAS, Fasola M, Alamdar A, Mustafa I, Ali N, Liu L, Peng S, Shen H (2015) Human exposure to toxic metals via contaminated dust: bioaccumulation trends and their potential risk estimation. Chemosphere 132:142–151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monika KJ (2010) E-waste management: as a challenge to public health in India. Indian J Community Med 35(3):382–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montie EW, Fair PA, Bossart GD, Mitchum GB, Houde M, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ, Mcfee WE, Starczak VR, Stegeman JJ, Hahn ME (2008) Cytochrome P4501A1 expression, polychlorinated biphenyls and hydroxylated metabolites, and adipocyte size of bottlenose dolphins from the Southeast United States. Aqua Toxicol 86(3):397–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moon HB, Ok G (2006) Dietary intake of PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like PCBs, due to the consumption of various marine organisms from Korea. Chemosphere 62(7):1142–1152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mou P, Xiang D, Duan GH (2009) Modeling and case study of the regional e-waste reverse logistics system. Ieee Int Symp Sustain Syst Technol 2009:430–430

    Google Scholar 

  • Moutinho ME, Tompkins AL, Rowland TW, Bansom BB, Jackson AH (1981) Acute mercury vapor poisoning. Fatality in an infant. Am J Dis Child 135:42–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mvo Platform; Good Electronics (2009) Reset: corporate social responsibility in the global electronics supply chain. Available: http://goodelectronics.org/publications-en/ Publication_3248 [accessed date: 23.07.2015]

  • Mylchreest E, Cattley RC, Foster PMD (1998) Male reproductive tract malformations in rats following gestational and lactational exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate: an antiandrogenic mechanism? Toxicol Sci 43:47–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakata H, Kawazoe M, Arizono K, Abe S, Kitano T, Shimada H (2002) Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in foodstuffs and human tissues from China: status of contamination, historical trend, and human dietary exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43:473–480

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nampoothiria LP, Gupta S (2006) Simultaneous effect of lead and cadmium on granulosa cells: a cellular model for ovarian toxicity. Reproduct Toxicol 21(2):179–185

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni K, Lu YL, Wang TY, Kannan K, Gosens J, Xu L, Li QS, Wang L, Liu SJ (2013) A review of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in China. Int J Hygiene Environ Health 216(6):607–623

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ni WQ, Huang Y, Wang XL, Zhang JW, Wu KS (2014) Associations of neonatal lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel co-exposure with DNA oxidative damage in an electronic waste recycling town. Sci Total Environ 472:354–362

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nimpuno M, Scruggs C (2011) Information on chemicals in electronic products: a study in needs, gaps, obstacles and solutions to provide and access information on chemicals in electronic products (TemaNord). Available: http://www.chemsec.org/get-informed/globalinitiatives/unep-cip-study-on-electronics [accessed date: 23.07.2015].

  • Niu RX, Wang ZS, Song QB, Li JH (2012) LCA of scrap CRT display at various scenarios of treatment. Seventh International Conference on Waste Management and Technology (Icwmt 7), 16, 576-584.

  • Nordbrand S (2009) Out of control: e-waste trade flows from the EU to developing countries (SwedWatch). Available: http://www.swedwatch.org/en/reports/e-waste-export-outcontrol (accessed date 28.08.2015)

  • Nomiyama K, Eguchi A, Mizukawa H, Ochiai M, Murata S, Someya M, Isobe T, Yamada TK, Tanabe S (2011) Anthropogenic and naturally occurring polybrominated phenolic compounds in the blood of cetaceans stranded along Japanese coastal waters. Environ Pollut 159(12):3364–3373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomiyama K, Murata S, Kunisue T, Yamada TK, Mizukawa H, Takahashi S, Tanabe S (2010) Polychlorinated biphenyls and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs) in the blood of toothed and baleen whales stranded along Japanese coastal waters. Environ Sci Technol 44(10):3732–3738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak B (1998) Contents and relationship of elements in human hair for a non-industrialised population in Poland. Sci Total Environ 209(1):59–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connell DW, Birkinshaw C, O’Dwyer TF (2008) Heavy metal adsorbents prepared from the modification of cellulose: a review. Bioresour Technol 99:6709–6724

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunseitan OA (2013) The Basel Convention and e-waste: translation of scientific uncertainty to protective policy. The Lancet Global Health 1(6):e313–e314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogunseitan OA, Schoenung JM (2012) Human health and ecotoxicological considerations in materials selection for sustainable product development. MRS Bull 37(4):356–363

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orlowski C, Piotrowski JK (2003) Biological levels of cadmium and zinc in the small intestine of non-occupationally exposed human subjects. Human Exp Toxicol 22:57–63

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orisakwe OE, Frazzoli C (2010) Electronic revolution and electronic wasteland: the West/waste Africa experience. J Nat Environ Sci 1:43–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Parikh K (2012) Sustainable development and low carbon growth strategy for India. Energy 40(1):31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parks LG, Ostby JS, Lambright CR, Abbott BD, Klinefelter GR, Barlow NJ, Earl Gray L (2000) The plasticizer diethylhexyl phthalate induces malformations by decreasing fetal testosterone synthesis during sexual differentiation in the male rat. Toxicol Sci 58:339–349

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Persky V, Turyk M, Anderson HA, Hanrahan LP, Falk C, Steenport DN (2001) The effects of PCB exposure and fish consumption on endogenous hormones. Environ Health Perspect 109:1275–1283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polder A, Odland JO, Tkachev A, Foreid S, Savinova TN, Skaare JU (2003) Geographic variation of chlorinated pesticides, toxaphenes and PCBs in human milk from sub-arctic and arctic locations in Russia. Sci Total Environ 306(1–3):179–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prakash S, Manhart A (2010) Socio-economic assessment and feasibility study on sustainable e-waste management in Ghana. Available: http://212.113.88.1/att/literature/2010_Ewaste%20Ghana%20final%20report.pdf. Accessed date 28.08.2015

  • Raghupathy L, Krüger C, Chaturvedi A, Arora R, Henzler MP (2010) E-waste recycling in India: bridging the gap between the informal and formal sector. Available: http://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/galleries/General%20Assembly%20and%20WC%202010%2011%20Hamburg/Presentations/Krueger.pdf. Accessed date: 23.07.2015

  • Ramakrishna VVS, Singh V, Garg AN (1996) Occupational exposure amongst locomotive shed workers and welders using neutron activation analysis of scalp hair. Sci Total Environ 192(3):259–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramu K, Kajiwara N, Sudaryanto A, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Subramanian A, Ueno D, Zheng GJ, Lam PKS, Takada H, Zakaria MP, Viet PH, Prudente M, Tana TS, Tanabe S (2007) Asian mussel watch program: contamination status of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorines in coastal waters of Asian countries. Environ Sci Technol 41(13):4580–4586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray MR, Roychoudhury S, Mukherjee G, Roy S, Lahiri T (2005) Respiratory and general health impairments of workers employed in a municipal solid waste disposal at an open landfill site in Delhi. Inter J Hyg Environ Health 208(4):255–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodushkin I, Axelsson MD (2003) Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part III. Direct analysis by laser ablation. Sci Total Environ 305(1–3):23–39

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roosens L, D’Hollander W, Bervoets L, Reynders H, Van Campenhout K, Cornelis C (2010) Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals, two groups of persistent contaminants in Belgian human blood and milk. Environ Pollut 158:2546–2552

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahariah B, Goswami L, Farooqui IU, Raul P, Bhattacharyya P, Bhattacharya S (2015) Solubility, hydrogeochemical impact, and health assessment of toxic metals in municipal wastes of two differently populated cities. J Geochem Explor 157:100–109

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Nizzetto L, Cupr P, Larssen T (2014) Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: a systematic review of recent and historical data. Environ Int 66:48–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasamoto T, Horii S, Ibe A, Takada N, Shirota K (2006) Concentration changes of PCDDs, PCDFs, and dioxin-like PCBs in human breast milk samples as shown by a follow-up survey. Chemosphere 64(4):642–649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satarug S, Moore MR (2004) Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in foodstuffs and cigarette smoke. Environ Health Perspect 112:1099–1103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner S (2004) Risk assessment of e-waste burning in Delhi, India. Diploma Thesis Umweltwissenschaften Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Oktober 2004

  • Stewart P, Darvill T, Lonky E, Reihman J, Pagano J, Bush B (1999) Assessment of prenatal exposure to PCBs from maternal consumption of Great Lakes fish: an analysis of PCB pattern and concentration. Environ Res 80(2):S87–S96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharara FI, Seifer DB, Flaws JA (1998) Environmental toxicants and female reproduction. Fertil Steril 70:613–622

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schantz SL, Widholm JJ, Rice DC (2003) Effects of PCB exposure on neuropsychological function in children. Environ Health Perspect 111(3):357–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schantz SL, Widholm JJ (2001) Cognitive effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in animals. Environ Health Perspect 109:1197–1206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schecter A, Cramer P, Boggess K, Stanley J, Olson JR (1997) Levels of dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCB and DDE congeners in pooled food samples collected in 1995 at supermarkets across the United States. Chemosphere 34(5–7):1437–1447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler S, Kishore B (2015) Why Delhi cannot plan its “new towns”: The case of solid waste management in Noida. Geoforum 60:33–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt CW (2010) Lead in air adjusting to a new standard. Environ Health Perspect 118(2):A76–A79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuhmacher M, Agramunt MC, Bocio A, Domingo JL, de Kok HAM (2003) Annual variation in the levels of metals and PCDD/PCDFs in soil and herbage samples collected near a cement plant. Environ Int 29(4):415–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schroijen C, Baeyens W, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Koppen G, Bruckers L, Nelen V, Van Mieroop E, Bilau M, Covaci A, Keune H, Loots I, Kleinjans J, Dhooge W, Van Larebeke N (2008) Internal exposure to pollutants measured in blood and urine of Flemish adolescents in function of area of residence. Chemosphere 71:1317–1325

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh J, Upadhyay SK, Pathak RK, Gupta V (2011) Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (Oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh Lake, Gorakhpur, UP, India. Toxicol Environ Chem 93(3):462–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjodin A, Hagmar L, Klasson-Wehler E, Bjork J, Bergman A (2000) Influence of the consumption of fatty Baltic Sea fish on plasma levels of halogenated environmental contaminants in Latvian and Swedish men. Environ Health Perspect 108(11):1035–1041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sky-Peck HH (1990) Distribution of trace elements in human hair. Clin Physiol Biochem 8:70–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith KS, Balistrieri LS, Todd AS (2015) Using biotic ligand models to predict metal toxicity in mineralized systems. Appl Geochem 57:55–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Someya M, Ohtake M, Kunisue T, Subramanian A, Takahashi S, Chakraborty P, Ramachandran R, Tanabe S (2010) Persistent organic pollutants in breast milk of mothers residing around an open dumping site in Kolkata, India: specific dioxin-like PCB levels and fish as a potential source. Environ Inter 36(1):27–35

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Li J (2015) A review on human health consequences of metals exposure to e-waste in China. Environ Pollut 196:450–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Li J (2014a) Environmental effects of heavy metals derived from the e-waste recycling activities in China: a systematic review. Waste Manage 34(12):2587–2594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Li J (2014b) A systematic review of the human body burden of e-waste exposure in China. Environ Int 68:82–93

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Wang Z, Li J, Zeng X (2012) Life cycle assessment of TV sets in China: a case study of the impacts of CRT monitors. Waste Manage 32(10):1926–1936

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Zeng X, Li J, Duan H, Yuan W (2015) Environmental risk assessment of CRT and PCB workshops in a mobile e-waste recycling plant. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:12366–12373

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song Y, Wu NX, Han JL, Shen HT, Tan YF, Ding GQ, Xiang JX, Tao H, Jin SL (2011) Levels of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in selected foods and estimated dietary intake for the local residents of Luqiao and Yuhang in Zhejiang, China. Chemosphere 85(3):329–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian A, Ohtake M, Kunisue T, Tanabe S (2007) High levels of organochlorines in mothers’ milk from Chennal (Madras) city, India. Chemosphere 68(5):928–939

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sudaryanto A, Takahashi S, Monrith I, Ismail A, Muchtar M, Zheng J, Richardson BJ, Subramanian A, Prudente M, Hue ND, Tanabe S (2002) Asia-Pacific mussel watch: monitoring of butyltin contamination in coastal waters of Asian developing countries. Environ Toxicol Chem 21:2119–2130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Syversen T, Kaur P (2012) The toxicology of mercury and its compounds. J Trace Elements Med Biol 26(4):215–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takekuma M, Saito K, Ogawa M, Matumoto R, Kobayashi S (2004) Levels of PCDDs, PCDFs and Co-PCBs in human milk in Saitama, Japan, and epidemiological research. Chemosphere 54(1):127–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi T, Hayashi T, Takada J, Hayashi Y, Koyama M, Kozuka H, Tsuji H, Kusaka Y, Ohmori S, Shinogi M, Aoki A, Katayama K, Tomiyama T (1982) Variation of elemental concentration in hair of the Japanese in terms of age, sex and hair treatment. J Radioanal Chem 70(1-2):29–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanabe S, Kunisue T (2007) Persistent organic pollutants in human breast milk from Asian countries. Environ Pollut 146(2):400–413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang X, Shen C, Shi D, Cheema SA, Khan MI, Zhang C, Chen Y (2010) Heavy metal and persistent organic compound contamination in soil from Wenling: an emerging e-waste recycling city in Taizhou area, China. J Hazard Mater 173:653–660

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang W, Cheng J, Zhao W, Wang W (2015) Mercury levels and estimated total daily intakes for children and adults from an electronic waste recycling area in Taizhou, China: key role of rice and fish consumption. J Environ Sci 34:107–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang HW, Huel G, Campagna D, Hellier G, Boissinot C, Blot P (1999) Neurodevelopmental evaluation of 9-month-old infants exposed to low levels of lead in utero: involvement of monoamine neurotransmitters. J Appl Toxicol 19:167–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao XQ, Shen DS, Shentu JL, Long YY, Feng YJ, Shen CC (2015a) Bioaccessibility and health risk of heavy metals in ash from the incineration of different e-waste residues. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22(5):3558–3569

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tao W, Zhou Z, Shen L, Zhao B (2015b) Determination of dechlorane flame retardants in soil and fish at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in south China. Environ Pollut 206:361–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tue NM, Sudaryanto A, Minh TB, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Viet PH, Tanabe S (2010) Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants in breast milk from women living in Vietnamese e-waste recycling sites. Sci Total Environ 408(9):2155–2162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tue NM, Takahashi S, Subramanian A, Sakai S, Tanabe S (2013) Environmental contamination and human exposure to dioxin-related compounds in e-waste recycling sites of developing countries. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1326–1331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trichopoulos D (1997) Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 5th ed. Oncology. Epidemiology pp. 231–257

  • U.S. (2011) E-waste pollution threat to human health. http://www.usnews.com/science/articles/2011/06/01/e-waste-pollution-threat-to-human-health. Accessed date 13.08.2015

  • Vrijens J, Leermakers M, Stalpaert M, Schoeters G, Den Hond E, Bruckers L, Colles A, Nelen V, Van Den Mieroop E, Van Larebeke N, Loots I, Baeyens W (2014) Trace metal concentrations measured in blood and urine of adolescents in Flanders, Belgium: reference population and case studies Genk-Zuid and Menen. Inter J Hyg Environ Health 217(4-5):515–527

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinceti M, Venturelli M, Sighinolfi C, Trerotoli P, Bonvicini F, Ferrari A, Bianchi G, Serio G, Bergomi M, Vivoli G (2007) Case-control study of toenail cadmium and prostate cancer risk in Italy. Sci Total Environ 373:77–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vizcaino E, Grimalt JO, Lopez-Espinosa MJ, Llop S, Rebagliato M, Ballester F (2011) Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain). Environ Int 37:152–157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waalkes MP (2003) Cadmium carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 533:107–120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang X, Miller G, Ding G, Lou X, Cai D, Chen Z, Meng J, Tang J, Chu C, Mo Z, Han J (2012) Health risk assessment of lead for children in tinfoil manufacturing and e-waste recycling areas of Zhejiang Province, China. Sci Total Environ 426:106–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang DG, Alaee M, Byer JD, Brimble S, Pacepavicius G (2013a) Human health risk assessment of occupational and residential exposures to dechlorane plus in the manufacturing facility area in China and comparison with e-waste recycling site. Sci Total Environ 445:329–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang RX, Xu ZM (2014) Recycling of non-metallic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE): A review. Waste Manage 34(8):1455–1469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang T, Fu JJ, Wang YW, Liao CY, Tao YQ, Jiang GB (2009) Use of scalp hair as indicator of human exposure to heavy metals in an electronic waste recycling area. Environ Pollut 157(8-9):2445–2451

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang SL, Su PH, Jong SB, Guo YL, Chou WL, Papke O (2005) In utero exposure to dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and its relations to thyroid function and growth hormone in newborns. Environ Hlth Perspect 113:1645–1650

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang P, Zhang H, Fu J, Li Y, Wang T, Wang Y, Ren D, Ssebugere P, Zhang Q, Jiang G (2013b) Temporal trends of PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in soils from an E-waste dismantling area in East China. Environ Sci Process Impacts 15:1897–1903

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe MX, Kunisue T, Tao L, Kannan K, Subramanian A, Tanabe S, Iwata H (2010) Contamination by dioxin-like and perfluorinated compounds in pigs from an Indian open waste dumping site: toxicokinetics and effects on hepatic cytochrome P450 and plasma hormones. Environ Toxicol Chem 29:1551–1560

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wath SB, Dutt PS, Chakrabarti T (2011) E-waste scenario in India, its management and implications. Environ Monit Assess 172:249–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wath SB, Vaidya AN, Dutt PS, Chakrabarti T (2010) A roadmap for development of sustainable e-waste management system in India. Sci Total Environ 409:19–32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weijs L, Das K, Siebert U, van Elk N, Jauniaux T, Neels H, Blust R, Covaci A (2009) Concentrations of chlorinated and brominated contaminants and their metabolites in serum of harbour seals and harbour porpoises. Environ Int 35(6):842–850

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wen S, Gong Y, Li JG, Shi TM, Zhao YF, Wu YN (2011) Particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in China. Biomedi Environ Sci 24(2):102–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm M, Eberwein G, Holzer J, Gladtke D, Angerer J, Marczynsky B, Behrendt H, Ring J, Sugiri D, Ranft U (2007) Influence of industrial sources on children’s health—hot spot studies in North Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Int J Hyg Environ Health 210(5):591–599

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wittsiepe J, Fobil JN, Till H, Burchard GD, Wilhelm M, Feldt T (2015) Levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and biphenyls (PCBs) in blood of informal e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie, Ghana, and controls. Environ Int 79:65–73

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu F, Fu Z, Liu B, Mo C, Chen B, Corns W (2011) Health risk associated with dietary coexposure to high levels of antimony and arsenic in the world’s largest antimonymine area. Sci Total Environ 409:3344–3351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Q, Leung JYS, Geng X, Chen S, Huang X, Li H, Huang Z, Zhu L, Chen J, Lu Y (2015) Heavy metal contamination of soil and water in the vicinity of an abandoned e-waste recycling site: Implications for dissemination of heavy metals. Sci Total Environ 506–507:217–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xing GH, Chan JK, Leung AO, Wu SC, Wong MH (2009) Environmental impact and human exposure to PCBs in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in China. Environ Int 35(1):76–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q, Yu M, Kendall A, He W, Li G, Schoenung JM (2013) Environmental and economic evaluation of cathode ray tube (CRT) funnel glass waste management options in the United States. Resour Conserv Recycl 78:92–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto N, Takahashi Y, Yoshinaga J, Tanaka A, Shibata Y (2006) Size distributions of soil particles adhered to children’s hands. Archiv Environ Contam Toxicol 51(2):157–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yan B, Fu HY, Zhang G.X, (2008) Research on planning model of reverse logistics network for electronic waste in supply chain environment. Seventh Wuhan International Conference on E-Business, Vols I-Iii, 2917-2922

  • Yang FX, Jin SW, Xu Y, Lu YA (2011) Comparisons of IL-8, ROS and p53 responses in human lung epithelial cells exposed to two extracts of PM2.5 collected from an e-waste recycling area, China. Environ Res Letter 6(2). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/6/2/024013

  • Yang H, Huo X, Yekeen TA, Zheng Q, Zheng M, Xu X (2013a) Effects of lead and cadmium exposure from electronic waste on child physical growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20(7):4441–4447

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang QY, Qiu XH, Li R, Liu SS, Li KQ, Wang FF, Zhu P, Li G, Zhu T (2013b) Exposure to typical persistent organic pollutants from an electronic waste recycling site in Northern China. Chemosphere 91(2):205–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida M (2002) Placental to fetal transfer of mercury and fetotoxicity. Tohoku J Exp Med 196:79–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida A, Terazono A, Ballesteros FC Jr, Nguyen DQ, Sukandar S, Kojima M, Sakata S (2016) E-waste recycling processes in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam: a case study of cathode ray tube TVs and monitors. Resour Conserv Recy 106:48–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Welford R, Hills P (2006) Industry responses to EU WEEE and ROHS directives: perspectives from China. Corporate Soc Responsibil Environ Manage 13(5):286–299

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu ZQ, Zheng KW, Ren GF, Zheng YY, Ma ST, Peng PG, Wu MH, Sheng GY, Fu JM (2010) Identification of hydroxylated octa- and nona-bromodiphenyl ethers in human serum from electronic waste dismantling workers. Environ Sci Technol 44(10):3979–3985

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Wang Z, Dong MH, Xu Y, Ma M (2008) Document PBBs, PBDEs, and PCBs levels in hair of residents around e-waste disassembly sites in Zhejiang Province, China, and their potential sources. Sci Total Environ 397(1-3):46–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng X, Song Q, Li J, Yuan W, Duan H, Liu L (2015) Solving e-waste problem using an integrated mobile recycling plant. J Clean Prod 90:55–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, S, Ding Y, Liu B, Pan D, Chang CC, Volinsky AA (2015) Challenges in legislation, recycling system and technical system of waste electrical and electronic equipment in China. Waste Manag. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.05.015

  • Zhang Q, Ye J, Chen J, Xu H, Wang C, Zhao M (2014) Risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and heavy metals in soils of an abandoned e-waste site in China. Environ Pollut 185:258–2565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang R, Xu C, Shen H, Meng J (2012) Oxidative damage and immunotoxicity effect of people who exposed to electronic waste. J Hyg Res 41:199–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Jiang Y, Zhou J, Fang D, Jiang J, Liu G, Zhang H, Xie J, Huang W, Zhang J, Li H, Wang Z, Pan L (2008) Concentrations of PCDD/PCDFs and PCBs in retail foods and an assessment of dietary intake for local population of Shenzhen in China. Environ Int 34(6):799–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao G, Xu Y, Li W, Han G, Ling B (2007) PCBs and OCPs in human milk and selected foods from Luqiao and Pingqiao in Zhejiang, China. Sci Total Environ 378(3):281–292

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng G, Xu X, Li B, Wu K, Yekeen TA, Huo X (2013a) Association between lung function in school children and exposure to three transition metals from an e-waste recycling area. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 23:67–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng J, Chen KH, Yan X, Chen SJ, Hu GC, Peng XW, Yuan JG, Mai BX, Yang ZY (2013b) Heavy metals in food, house dust, and water from an e-waste recycling area in South China and the potential risk to human health. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 96:205–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng J, Luo XJ, Yuan JG, He LY, Zhou YH, Luo Y, Chen SJ, Mai BX, Yang ZY (2011) Heavy metals in hair of residents in an e-waste recycling area, south China: contents and assessment of bodily state. Archiv Environ Contam Toxicol 61(4):696–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng LK, Wu KS, Li Y, Qi ZL, Han D, Zhang B, Gu CW, Chen GJ, Liu JX, Chen SJ, Xu XJ, Huo X (2008) Blood lead and cadmium levels and relevant factors among children from an e-waste recycling town in China. Environ Res 108(1):15–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

The work was financially supported by the National Key Technologies R & D Program (2014BAC03B04) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21177069, 71373141).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Rm. 805, Sino-Italian Environment and Energy Efficient Building, Beijing, 100084, China

    Abhishek Kumar Awasthi, Xianlai Zeng & Jinhui Li

Authors
  1. Abhishek Kumar Awasthi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xianlai Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jinhui Li
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinhui Li.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Awasthi, A.K., Zeng, X. & Li, J. Relationship between e-waste recycling and human health risk in India: a critical review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 11509–11532 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6085-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6085-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation