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Survey of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Spanish finished drinking waters

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Abstract

Fifty samples of finished drinking waters (FDWs) from Spain covering 12 million inhabitants were tested for 53 pharmaceuticals pertaining to 12 different Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system codes. The studied compounds are a combination of most commonly consumed pharmaceuticals with other barely reported in the literature. Five compounds, azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and ibuprofen were tentatively identified by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in some samples (2 to 15 %), but only ibuprofen and azithromycin could be confirmed when analyzed by liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) with a quadrupole-Orbitrap instrument. Concentration levels of ibuprofen in the positive samples ranged from 12 to 17 ng/L (n = 6) while for azithromycin values from 5 to 9.5 ng/L (n = 3) were found. Ibuprofen fragmentation behaviour in different mass spectrometry instrument configurations (triple quadrupole, quadrupole-ion trap, and quadrupole-Orbitrap) was evaluated.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported financially by: R + i Alliance, a company established in France to select, fund, and coordinate the execution of common research, development and innovation projects of the companies Lyonnaise des Eaux, United Water, AGBAR Group, Northumbrian Water Limited and Suez Environment (Program Water and Health, Project HE0607) by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2009SGR 1325) and by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (UNBA 10-4E-441).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aigües de Barcelona, S.A. General Batet 5-7, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    M. Rosa Boleda & Francesc Ventura

  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Élida Alechaga, Encarnación Moyano & M. Teresa Galceran

  3. Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, J. Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain

    Francesc Ventura

Authors
  1. M. Rosa Boleda
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  2. Élida Alechaga
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  3. Encarnación Moyano
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  4. M. Teresa Galceran
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  5. Francesc Ventura
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Francesc Ventura.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Tables S1 and S2

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Table S3

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Fig. S1

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Fig. S2

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Boleda, M.R., Alechaga, É., Moyano, E. et al. Survey of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in Spanish finished drinking waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 10917–10939 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2885-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2885-9

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