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Pentachlorophenol dechlorination and simultaneous Cr6+ reduction by Pseudomonas putida SKG-1 MTCC (10510): characterization of PCP dechlorination products, bacterial structure, and functional groups

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Abstract

It is the first report in which a novel psychrotrophic Pseudomonas putida SKG-1 strain was evaluated for simultaneous bioremediation of pentachlorophenol and Cr6+ under various cultural and nutritional conditions. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) dechlorination products, bacterial structure, and functional groups were characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS), scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. The strain was extremely tolerant to excessively higher individual concentration of PCP (1,400 mg l−1) and Cr6+ (4,300 mg l−1). Increasing concentration of PCP and Cr6+ exerted inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and toxicants’ removal. The strain exhibited growth, and concomitantly remediated both the pollutants simultaneously over a broad pH (7.0–9.0) and temperature (28–32 °C) range; maximum growth, PCP dechlorination (87.5 %), and Cr6+ removal (80.0 %) occurred at optimum pH 8.0 and 30 °C (from initial PCP 100 mg l−1 and Cr6+ 500 mg l−1) under shaking (150 rpm) within 72 h incubation. Optimization of agitation (125 rpm) and aeration (0.4 vvm) in bioreactor further enhanced PCP dechlorination by ~10 % and Cr6+ removal by 2 %. A direct correlation existed between growth and bioremediation of both the toxicants. Among other heavy metals, mercury exerted maximum and cobalt minimum inhibitory effect on PCP dechlorination and Cr6+ removal. Chromate reductase activity was mainly associated with the supernatant and cytosolic fraction of bacterial cells. GC–MS analysis revealed the formation of tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, and 2,6-dichlorophenol as PCP dechlorination products. FTIR spectrometry indicated likely involvement of carbonyl and amide groups in Cr3+ adsorption, and SEM–EDS showed the presence of chromium on P. putida surface. Thus, our promising isolate can be ecofriendly employed for biotreatment of various industrial wastes contaminated with high PCP and Cr6+ concentrations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors express sincere thanks to Sophisticated Advanced Instrumentation Facilities, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India for GC–MS, FTIR and SEM–EDS facilities. Facilities provided by Government of Uttar Pradesh under Centre of Excellence and Government of India’s DST-FIST schemes are duly acknowledged.

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  1. Centre of Excellence, DST-FIST Supported Department of Microbiology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University, Faizabad, 224001, India

    Satyendra Kumar Garg, Manikant Tripathi, Santosh Kumar Singh & Anamika Singh

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  1. Satyendra Kumar Garg
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  2. Manikant Tripathi
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Correspondence to Satyendra Kumar Garg.

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Garg, S.K., Tripathi, M., Singh, S.K. et al. Pentachlorophenol dechlorination and simultaneous Cr6+ reduction by Pseudomonas putida SKG-1 MTCC (10510): characterization of PCP dechlorination products, bacterial structure, and functional groups. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 2288–2304 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1101-z

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