Abstract
International literature has shown that demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, social ties and supports in the host country play an important role on migrants’ subjective wellbeing. The influence of such characteristics has been widely studied so far, especially on immigrants’ levels of life satisfaction, but how living transnational partnerships and parenthoods might affect the subjective wellbeing of migrants and how this situation might be reflecting social integration issues still remains poorly understood. This paper is aimed at covering this gap by analyzing each one of the components of subjective well-being: own assessment of life satisfaction (cognitive component), feelings of loneliness (emotional component) and sense of belonging (affective component). Ordinal logistic regressions were run on a selected sample of the Survey on Social Conditions and Integration of Foreign citizens carried out by ISTAT in 2011/2012. Results have shown that living in transnational families differently affect subjective wellbeing, being particularly important for the cognitive and emotional components among married immigrants. Self-perceived social integration has been found to be a protective factor of immigrants’ levels of subjective wellbeing, having a preventive role on their levels of life satisfaction and feelings of loneliness.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
29 September 2020
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02506-5
References
Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2000). Participation in heterogeneous communities. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115, 847–904.
Ambrosini, M. (2008). Un’altra globalizzazione: la sfida delle migrazioni transnazionali. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Amit, K. (2010). Determinants of life satisfaction among immigrants from Western countries and from the FSU in Israel. Social Indicators Research, 96(3), 515–534.
Amit, K. (2012). Social integration and identity of immigrants from the FSU, Western countries and Ethiopian Israel. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35(7), 1287–1310.
Amit, K., & Riss, I. (2007). The role of social networks in the immigration decision-making process: The case of North American immigration to Israel. Immigrants and Minorities, 25(3), 290–313.
Amit, K., & Riss, L. (2013). The subjective well-being of immigrants: Pre- and postmigration. Social Indicators Research, 119(1), 247–264.
Anthias, F., & Lazaridis, G. (Eds.). (2000). Gender and migration in Southern Europe: Women on the move. Oxford: Berg.
Arpino, B., & de Valk, H. (2018). Comparing life satisfaction of immigrants and natives across Europe: The role of social contacts. Social Indicators Research, 137(3), 1163–1184.
Baltatescu, S. (2005). Subjective well-being of immigrants in Europe. A comparative study. In L. Pop & C. Matiuta (Eds.), European identity and free movement of persons in Europe (pp. 128–143). Oradea: University of Oradea Publishing House.
Baltatescu, S. (2007). Central and Eastern Europeans migrants’ subjective quality of life: A comparative study. Journal of Identity and Migration Studies, 1(2), 67–81.
Barbiano di Belgiojoso, E., & Terzera, L. (2018). Family reunification—Who, when, and how? Family trajectories among migrants in Italy. Demographic Research, 38(28), 737–772.
Bartram, D. (2010). International migration, open borders debates, and happiness. International Studies Review, 12(3), 339–361.
Bartram, D. (2011). Economic migration and happiness: Comparing immigrants’ and natives’ gains from income. Social Indicators Research, 103(1), 57–76.
Bartram, D. (2013). Happiness and economic migration: A comparison of Eastern European migrants and stayers. Migration Studies, 1(2), 156–175.
Basch, L., Glick Schiller, N., & Blanc-Szanton, C. (1994). Nations unbound: Transnational projects, postcolonial predicaments and deterritorialized Nation-states. Bâle: Gordon and Breach Publishers.
Basilio, L., & Bauer, T. (2010). Transferability of human capital and immigrant assimilation: An analysis for Germany (p. 4716). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA): IZA Discussion Papers.
Beauchemin, C., Nappa, J., Schoumaker, B., Baizan, P., González-Ferrer, A., Caarls, K., et al. (2015). Reunifying versus living apart together across borders: A comparative analysis of sub-Saharan migration to Europe. International Migration Review, 49(1), 173–199.
Becchetti, L., Pelloni, A., & Rossetti, F. (2008). Relational goods, sociability and happiness. Kyklos, 61(3), 343–363.
Beier, H., & Kroneberg, C. (2013). Language boundaries and the subjective well-being of immigrants in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(10), 1535–1553.
Bettin, G., Lucchetti, R., & Zazzaro, A. (2012). Endogeneity and sample selection in a model for remittances. Journal of Development Economics, 99(2), 370–384.
Bhugra, D., & Jones, P. (2001). Migration and mental illness. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 7, 216–223.
Blundell, R., & Powell, J. L. (2003). Endogeneity in nonparametric and semiparametric regression models. Econometric society monographs, 36, 312–357.
Boccagni, P. (2012). Rethinking transnational studies: Transnational ties and the transnationalism of everyday life. European Journal of Social Theory, 15(1), 117–132.
Boccagni, P. (2015). Searching for well-being in care work migration: Constructions, practices and displacements among immigrant women in Italy. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 23, 1–19.
Bodoque Puerta, Y., & Soronellas Masdéu, M. (2010). Parejas en el espacio transnacional: Los proyectos de mujeres que emigran por motivos conyugales. Migraciones Internacionales, 5(3), 143–174.
Bonifazi, C. (2013). L’Italia delle migrazioni. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Bonini, A. N. (2008). Cross-national variation in individual life satisfaction: Effects of national wealth, human development, and environment conditions. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9167-6.
Bonn, G., & Tafarodi, R. (2013). Visualizing the good life: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9412-9.
Bryceson, D., & Vuorela, U. (Eds.). (2002). The transnational family: New European Frontier and Global Networks. Oxford: Berg.
Caarls, K., & Mazzuccato, M. (2016). Transnational relationships and reunification: Ghanaian couples between Ghana and Europe. Demographic Research, 34(21), 587–614.
Cabral, S., & Duarte, C. (2015). Lost in translation? The relative wages of immigrants in the Portuguese labour market. International Review of Applied Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2015.1070129.
Carella, M. (2016). Les conditions de vie des familles transnationales en Italie. Revista Internacional de Estudios Migratorios, 6(2), 210–238.
Carella, M., & Di Comite, L. (2008). Le famiglie nell’esperienza migratoria: un caso di studio. Rivista Italiana di Economia Demografia e Statistica (RIEDS), LXII(1), 25–44.
Carella, M., García-Pereiro, T., & Parant, A. (2016). Le lien entre divorce et vulnérabilité en Italie et en Espagne. In S. Pennec, C. Girard & J.-P. Sanderson (Ed.), Trajectoires et âges de la vie. Association internationale des démographes de langue française. Erudit.org, en presse.
Castagnone, E. (2007). Madri migranti. Le migrazioni di cura dalla Romania e dall’Ucraina in Italia. Percorsi e impatto sui paesi di origine. Working Paper, 34. Roma: Cespi.
Cesareo, V., & Blangiardo, G. C. (Eds.). (2009). Indici di Integrazione. Milano: Franco Angeli.
Chiswick, B., & Miller, P. (2002). Immigrant earnings: Language skills, linguistic concentrations and the business cycle. Journal of Population Economics, 15, 31–57.
Ciobanu, R. O., & Fokkema, T. (2017). The role of religion in protecting older Romanian migrants from loneliness. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(2), 199–217.
Clark, A. (2011). Happiness, habits and high rank: comparisons in economic and social life. IZA Discussion Paper, 5966. Paris School of Economics and IZA Institute of Labor Economics.
Clark, A. E., Frijters, P., & Shields, M. A. (2008). Relative income, happiness, and utility: An explanation for the Easterlin paradox and other puzzles. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(1), 95–144.
Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B., & Underwood, L. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S. Cohen, L. Underwood, & B. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
D’Isanto, F., Fouskas, P., & Verde, M. (2016). Determinants of well-being among legal and illegal immigrants: Evidence from South Italy. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-0924-7.
De Jong, G. F. (2000). Expectations, gender, and norms in migration decision-making. Population Studies, 54, 307–319.
De Jong, G. F., Chamratrithirong, A., & Tran, Q. G. (2002). For better, for worse: Life satisfaction consequences of migration. International Migration Review, 36(3), 838–863.
De Jong Gierveld, J., van der Pas, S., & Keating, N. (2015). Loneliness of older immigrant groups in Canada: Effects of ethnic-cultural background. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 30(3), 251–268.
De Singly, F. (2009). Le trasformazioni della famiglia e il processo di individualizzazione. In L. Sciolla (Ed.), Processi e trasformazioni sociali (pp. 276–296). Bari-Roma: Laterza.
de Valk, H. A. G., de Huisman, C. C., & Noam, K. R. (2012). Migration patterns and immigrants’ characteristics in North-Western Europe. In J. Martínez & L. Reboiras (Eds.), Development, institutional and policy aspects of international migration between Africa, Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean. Chile: UN/CELADE Santiago.
Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542–575.
Diener, E. (2006). Guidelines for national indicators of subjective well-being and ill-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 397–404.
Diener, E. (Ed.). (2009). The science of well-being. Dordrecht: Springer.
Diener, E., Emmos, R., Larsen, R., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 63–73). New York: Oxford University Press.
Diener, E., Napa-Scollon, C. K., Oishi, S., Dzokoto, V., & Suh, E. M. (2000). Positivity and the construction of life satisfaction judgments: Global happiness is not the sum of its parts. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 159–176.
Diener, E., Ronald, I., & Tay, L. (2012). Theory and validity of life satisfaction scales. Social Indicators Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-012-0076-y.
Diener, E., Sandvik, E., Seidlitz, L., & Diener, M. (1993). The relationship between income and subjective well-being: Relative or absolute? Social Indicators Research, 28(3), 195–223.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological science in the public interest, 5(1), 1–31.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302.
Djundeva, M., & Ellwardt, L. (2019). Social support networks and loneliness of Polish migrants in the Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1597691.
Dolan, P., Peasgood, T., & White, M. (2008). Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 29(1), 94–122.
Easterlin, R. A., & Plagnol, A. (2008). Life satisfaction and economic conditions in East and West Germany pre- and post-unification. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68(3), 433–444.
Erlinghagen, M. (2011). Nowhere better than here? The subjective well-being of German emigrants and remigrants. Comparative Population Studies, 36(4), 899–926.
Faist, T. (2000). Transnationalization in international migration: Implications for the study of citizenship and culture. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 23(2), 189–222.
Fokkema, T., & De Haas, H. (2015). Pre-and post-migration determinants of socio-cultural integration of African immigrants in Italy and Spain. International Migration, 53(6), 3–26.
Fokkema, T., & Naderi, R. (2013). Differences in late-life loneliness: A Comparison BETWEEN Turkish and native-born older adults in Germany. European Journal of Ageing, 10(4), 289–300.
Gabrielli, G., Paterno, A., & Strozza, S. (2007). The dynamics of immigrants’ life history: Application to the insertion of Albanian and Moroccan immigrants into some Italian areas. Population Review, 46(1), 41–55.
Gabrielli, G., Terzera, L., Paterno, A., & Strozza, S. (2019). Histories of couple formation and migration: The case of foreigners in Lombardy, Italy. Journal of Family Issues. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19833115.
Garip, F. (2008). Social capital and migration: how do similar resources lead to divergent outcomes? Demography, 45(3), 591–617.
Glick-Schiller, N., Basch, L., & Blanc-Szanton, C. (1995). From immigrant to transmigrant: theorizing transnational migration. Anthropological Quarterly, 68(1), 48–63.
Golini, A. (Ed.). (2006). L’immigrazione straniera: indicatori e misure di integrazione. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Grillo, R. (2007). Betwixt and between: Trajectories and projects of transmigration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33(2), 199–217.
Hadjar, A., & Backes, S. (2013). Migration background and subjective well-being. A multilevel analysis based on the European Social Survey. Comparative Sociology, 12(5), 645–676.
Helliwell, J. F. (2003). How’s life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective wellbeing. Economic Modelling, 20(2), 331–360.
Helliwell, J. F. (2006). Well-being, social capital and public policy: What’s new? The Economic Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2006.01074.x.
Helliwell, J. F., & Barrington-Leigh, C. P. (2010). Measuring and understanding subjective well-being. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’économique, 43(3), 729–753.
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004). The social context of well-being. Philosophical Transactions B. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1522.
Hendriks, M. (2015). The happiness of international migrants: A review of research findings. Migration Studies, 3(3), 343–369.
Herrero, J., Fuente, A., & Gracia, E. (2011). Covariates of Subjective well-being among Latin American immigrants in Spain: The role of social integration in the community. Journal of Community Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20468.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Avila, E. (1997). I’m here, but I’m there: The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender and Society, 11(5), 548–571.
Hondagneu-Sotelo, P., & Avila, E. (2003). I’m here, but I’m there. The meanings of Latina transnational motherhood. Gender and US immigration: Contemporary trends. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520225619.003.0015.
Hou, F., Schellenberg, G. S., & Berry, J. (2018). Patterns and determinants of immigrants’ sense of belonging to Canada and their source country. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(9), 1612–1631.
Hsieh, C. M. (2016). Domain importance in subjective well-being measures. Social Indicators Research, 127(2), 777–792.
IOM (2010). Migration and transnationalism: opportunities and challenges. International Dialogue on Migration (Final Report). Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://www.iom.int/jahia/webdav/shared/shared/mainsite/microsites/IDM/workshops/migration_and_transnationalism_030910/Report-EN.pdf.
ISTAT. (2012). Condizione e integrazione sociale dei cittadini stranieri [Microdata file]. Rome: ISTAT.
Kapteyn, A., Lee, J., Tassot, C., Vonkova, H., & Zamarro, G. (2015). Dimensions of subjective well-being. Social Indicators Research, 123(3), 625–660.
Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2000). Social cohesion, social capital, and health. In L. F. Berkman & I. Kawachi (Eds.), Social epidemiology (pp. 174–190). New York: Oxford University Press.
Kelly, K. M. (2001). Individual differences in reactions to rejection. In M. R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 291–315). New York: Oxford University Press.
King, R., Cela, E., Fokkema, T., & Vullnetari, J. (2014). The migration and well-being of the zero generation: Transgenerational care, grandparenting, and loneliness amongst Albanian older people. Population, Space and Place, 20(8), 728–738.
King, R., & Ribas-Mateos, N. (2002). Towards a diversity of migratory types and contexts in Southern Europe. Migrations Studies, 34(145), 5–25.
Klok, J., van Tilburg, T. G., Suanet, B., Fokkema, T., & Huisman, M. (2017). National and transnational belonging among Turkish and Moroccan older migrants in the Netherlands: Protective against loneliness? European Journal of Ageing, 14(4), 341–351.
Knight, J., & Gunatilaka, R. (2010). Great expectations? the subjective well-being of rural–urban migrants in China. World Development, 38(1), 113–124.
Koczan, Z. (2013). Does integration increase life satisfaction? Discussion Paper, Faculty of Economics University of Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5747.
Koelet, S., & de Valk, H. (2016). Social networks and feelings of social loneliness after migration: The case of European migrants with a native partner in Belgium. Ethnicities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796816638398.
Kofman, E. (2004). Family-related migration: A critical review of European studies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(2), 243–262.
Kogan, I., Shen, J., & Siegert, M. (2018). What makes a satisfied immigrant? Host-country characteristics and immigrants’ life satisfaction in Eighteen European Countries. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(6), 1783–1809.
Krueger, A. B., & Schkade, D. A. (2008). The reliability of subjective well-being measures. Journal of Public Economics, 92(8–9), 1833–1845.
Kushnirovich, N., & Sherman, A. (2017). Dimensions of life satisfaction: Immigrant and ethnic minorities. International Migration. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12329.
Layard, R. (2005). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. New York: The Penguin Press.
Le Gall, J. (2005). Familles transnationales: Bilan des recherches et nouvelles perspectives. Les Cahiers du Gres, 5(1), 29–42.
Lester, L. H. (2005). Immigrants satisfaction: What is it does it matter? NILS Working Paper, 154, 2–103.
Linton, M. J., Dieppe, P., & Medina-Lara, A. (2016). Review of 99 self-report measures for assessing well-being in adults: exploring dimensions of well-being and developments over time. British Medical Journal Open, 6(7), e010641.
Lucas, R., & Schimmack, U. (2009). Income and well-being: How big is the gap between the rich and the poor? Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 75–78.
Martinovic, B., van Tubergen, F., & Maas, I. (2009). Dynamics of interethnic contact: A panel study of immigrants in the Netherlands. European Sociological Review. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcn049.
Massey, D. S. (1990). Social structure, household strategies and the cumulative causation of migration. Population Index, 56, 3–26.
Massey, D. S., & Redstone, A. I. (2006). Immigrant intentions and mobility in a global economy: The attitudes and behavior of recently arrived US immigrants. Social Science Quarterly, 87(5), 954–971.
Mazzucato, V., Schans, D., Caarls, K., & Beauchemin, C. (2015). Transnational families between Africa and Europe. International Migration Review, 49(1), 142–172.
McKenzie, D., & Sasin, M. J. (2007). Migration, remittances, poverty, and human capital: conceptual and empirical challenges. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 4272.
McMichael, C., & Manderson, L. (2004). Somali women and well-being: Social networks and social capital among immigrant women in Australia. Human Organization, 63(1), 88–99.
Mellor, D., Stokes, M., Firth, L., Hayashi, Y., & Cummins, R. (2008). Need for belonging, relationship satisfaction, loneliness, and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 213–218.
Nauck, B., & Settles, B. (2001). Immigrant and ethnic minority families: An introduction. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 32(4), 461–463.
Nguyen, A.-M. D., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment a meta-analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111435097.
OECD. (2011). How’s life? Measuring Well-being. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD. (2013). Guidelines on measuring subjective well-being. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Orellana, M. F., Thorne, B., Chee, A., & Lam, W. S. E. (2001). Transnational childhoods: the participation of children in processes of family migration. Social Problems, 48(4), 572–591.
Ormel, J., Lindenberg, S., Steverink, N., & Verbrugge, L. M. (1999). Subjective well-being and social production functions. Social Indicators Research, 46, 61–90.
Plaza, D. (2000). Transnational grannies: The changing family responsibilities of elderly African Caribbean-born women resident in Britain. Social indicators research, 51(1), 75–105.
Pol, G. L., & Richard, K. T. (2013). The demography of health and health care. Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8903-8.
Portes, A., Guarnizo, E., & Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism: pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217–237.
Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Régnier-Loilier, A. (Ed.). (2015). The contemporary family in France. Partnership trajectories and domestic organization. Dordrecht: Springer.
Safi, M. (2010). Immigrants’ life satisfaction in Europe: Between assimilation and discrimination. European Sociological Review, 26(2), 159–176.
Salazar Parreñas, R. (2001). Servants of globalization. Women, migration, and domestic work. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Salazar Parreñas, R. (2005). Children of global migration: Transnational families and gendered. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Schiff, M. (2002). Love thy neighbor: Trade, migration and social capital. European Journal of Political Economy, 18(1), 87–107.
Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. New York: Free Press.
Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social Indicators Research, 117(2), 561–576.
Simpson, N. B. (2011). Happiness and migration. In K. Zimmerman & A. Constant (Eds.), International handbook on the economics of migration. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Skrbis, Z., Baldassar, L., & Poynting, S. (2007). Introduction—negotiating belonging: Migration and generations. Journal of Intercultural Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256860701429691.
Terza, J. V., Basu, A., & Rathouz, P. J. (2008). Two-stage residual inclusion estimation: Addressing endogeneity in health econometric modeling. Journal of health economics, 27(3), 531–543.
Van Praag, B., Romanov, D., & Ferrer-i-Carbonell, A. (2010). Happiness and financial satisfaction in Israel: Effects of religiosity, ethnicity, and war. Journal of Economic Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2010.08.008.
van Tilburg, T. G., & Fokkema, T. (2020). Stronger feelings of loneliness among Moroccan and Turkish older adults in the Netherlands: In search for an explanation. European Journal of Ageing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-020-00562-x.
Vancluysen, K. & Van Craen, M. (2011). Feelings of loneliness: Differences between ethnic minority and majority group members in Belgium and their relation to minorities’ integration and ethnic attachment. In J. Motmans, D. Cuypers & P. Meier (Eds.), Equal is not enough: Challenging differences and inequalities in contemporary societies (p. 434447). Conference proceedings. Antwerp/Hasselt: Policy Research Centre on Equal Opportunities (PRCEO).
Völker, B., Pinkster, F. & Flap, H. (2008). Inequality in social capital between migrants and natives in the Netherlands. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, https://hdl.handle.net/11245/1.307888
Ward, C. (2013). Probing identity, integration and adaptation: Big questions, little answers. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37, 391–404.
Weimann, J., Knabe, A., & Schob, R. (2015). Measuring happiness: The economics of well-being. Boca Raton: MIT Press.
Winkelmann, R. (2009). Unemployment, social capital, and subjective well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(4), 421–430.
Zincone, G. (2000). Primo rapporto sull’integrazione degli immigrati in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
See Table 5.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carella, M., García-Pereiro, T. & Pace, R. Subjective Well-Being, Transnational Families and Social Integration of Married Immigrants in Italy. Soc Indic Res 161, 785–816 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02402-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02402-y