Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cabergoline in acromegaly

  • Published:
Pituitary Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Acromegaly, a rare disease due to growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion by a pituitary adenoma, is associated with severe comorbidity and premature death if not adequately treated. The usual first-line treatment is surgery. Various drugs, including somatostatin receptor ligands, dopamine agonists and GH receptor antagonists, are now available for use if surgery fails to suppress GH/IGF-I hypersecretion. Cabergoline, now the preferred dopamine agonist for treating hyperprolactinemia, is also used off-label for treating acromegaly. Cabergoline monotherapy is reported to normalize IGF-I levels in more than one-third of patients with acromegaly. When a somatostatin receptor ligand proves ineffective, cabergoline add-on therapy normalizes the IGF-I level in 40–50% of patients. Finally, when combined with the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant in patients with mild uncontrolled disease, cabergoline helps to achieve normal IGF-I levels while avoiding the need for high-dose pegvisomant. Cabergoline is also inexpensive and well tolerated; in particular, it does not appear to promote heart valve disease.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chanson P, Salenave S, Kamenicky P (2014) Acromegaly. Handb Clin Neurol 124:197–219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Lombardi G (2004) Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev 25(1):102–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Melmed S (2006) Medical progress: acromegaly. N Engl J Med 355(24):2558–2573

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Cavagnini F, Chanson P, Frohman L, Grossman A, Ho K, Kleinberg D, Lamberts S, Laws E, Lombardi G, Vance ML, Werder KV, Wass J, Giustina A (2002) Guidelines for acromegaly management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87(9):4054–4058

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dekkers OM, Biermasz NR, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Vandenbroucke JP (2008) Mortality in acromegaly: a metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(1):61–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Holdaway IM, Bolland MJ, Gamble GD (2008) A meta-analysis of the effect of lowering serum levels of GH and IGF-I on mortality in acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 159(2):89–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Giustina A, Chanson P, Bronstein MD, Klibanski A, Lamberts S, Casanueva FF, Trainer P, Ghigo E, Ho K, Melmed S (2010) A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95(7):3141–3148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr, Melmed S, Molitch ME, Murad MH, Utz A, Wass JA (2014) Acromegaly: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 99(11):3933–3951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Melmed S (2009) Acromegaly pathogenesis and treatment. J Clin Invest 119(11):3189–3202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ribeiro-Oliveira A Jr, Barkan A (2012) The changing face of acromegaly–advances in diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol 8(10):605–611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sherlock M, Woods C, Sheppard MC (2011) Medical therapy in acromegaly. Nat Rev Endocrinol 7(5):291–300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Giustina A, Veldhuis JD (1998) Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocr Rev 19(6):717–797

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chiodini PG, Liuzzi A, Botalla L, Cremascoli G, Silvestrini F (1974) Inhibitory effect of dopaminergic stimulation on GH release in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 38(2):200–206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bression D, Brandi AM, Nousbaum A, Le Dafniet M, Racadot J, Peillon F (1982) Evidence of dopamine receptors in human growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas with concomitant study of dopamine inhibition of GH secretion in a perifusion system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 55(3):589–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Lancranjan L (2001) Dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in human adenohypophysial adenomas. Endocr 14(3):329–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Missale C, Nash SR, Robinson SW, Jaber M, Caron MG (1998) Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol Rev 78(1):189–225

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Neto LV, Machado Ede O, Luque RM, Taboada GF, Marcondes JB, Chimelli LM, Quintella LP, Niemeyer P Jr, de Carvalho DP, Kineman RD, Gadelha MR (2009) Expression analysis of dopamine receptor subtypes in normal human pituitaries, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and somatotropinomas, and the association between dopamine and somatostatin receptors with clinical response to octreotide-LAR in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(6):1931–1937

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, Patel SC, Patel RC, Patel YC (2000) Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity. Science 288(5463):154–157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Jaffe CA, Barkan AL (1992) Treatment of acromegaly with dopamine agonists. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 21:713–735

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Andreotti AC, Pianezzola E, Persiani S, Pacciarini MA, Strolin Benedetti M, Pontiroli AE (1995) Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerability of cabergoline, a prolactin-lowering drug, after administration of increasing oral doses (0. 5, 1.0, and 1.5 milligrams) in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80(3):841–845

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Nutt JG, Wooten GF (2005) Clinical practice. Diagnosis and initial management of Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 353(10):1021–1027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Gillam MP, Molitch ME, Lombardi G, Colao A (2006) Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas. Endocr Rev 27(5):485–534

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Abs R, Verhelst J, Maiter D, Van Acker K, Nobels F, Coolens JL, Mahler C, Beckers A (1998) Cabergoline in the treatment of acromegaly: a study in 64 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83(2):374–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Colao A, Ferone D, Marzullo P, Di Sarno A, Cerbone G, Sarnacchiaro F, Cirillo S, Merola B, Lombardi G (1997) Effect of different dopaminergic agents in the treatment of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82(2):518–523

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cozzi R, Attanasio R, Barausse M, Dallabonzana D, Orlandi P, Da Re N, Branca V, Oppizzi G, Gelli D (1998) Cabergoline in acromegaly: a renewed role for dopamine agonist treatment? Eur J Endocrinol 139(5):516–521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Ferrari C, Paracchi A, Romano C, Gerevini G, Boghen M, Barreca A, Fortini P, Dubini A (1988) Long-lasting lowering of serum growth hormone and prolactin levels by single and repetitive cabergoline administration in dopamine-responsive acromegalic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29(5):467–476

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Freda PU, Reyes CM, Nuruzzaman AT, Sundeen RE, Khandji AG, Post KD (2004) Cabergoline therapy of growth hormone & growth hormone/prolactin secreting pituitary tumors. Pituitary 7(1):21–30

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Jackson SN, Fowler J, Howlett TA (1997) Cabergoline treatment of acromegaly: a preliminary dose finding study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 46(6):745–749

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Moyes VJ, Metcalfe KA, Drake WM (2008) Clinical use of cabergoline as primary and adjunctive treatment for acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 159(5):541–545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Muratori M, Arosio M, Gambino G, Romano C, Biella O, Faglia G (1997) Use of cabergoline in the long-term treatment of hyperprolactinemic and acromegalic patients. J Endocrinol Invest 20(9):537–546

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Sherlock M, Fernandez-Rodriguez E, Alonso AA, Reulen RC, Ayuk J, Clayton RN, Holder G, Sheppard MC, Bates A, Stewart PM (2009) Medical therapy in patients with acromegaly: predictors of response and comparison of efficacy of dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94(4):1255–1263

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Vilar L, Naves L, Freitas MD, Oliveira S Jr, Lyra R (2002) Eficácia da cabergolina na tratamento da acromegalia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 46:269–274

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Burt MG, Ho KK (2003) Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of somatostatin analogs and other therapies for acromegaly. Endocr 20(3):299–305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Sandret L, Maison P, Chanson P (2011) Place of cabergoline in acromegaly: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(5):1327–1335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Howlett TA, Willis D, Walker G, Wass JA, Trainer PJ, Group UKARS (2013) Control of growth hormone and IGF1 in patients with acromegaly in the UK: responses to medical treatment with somatostatin analogues and dopamine agonists. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 79(5):689–699

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Giustina A, Chanson P, Kleinberg D, Bronstein MD, Clemmons DR, Klibanski A, van der Lely AJ, Strasburger CJ, Lamberts SW, Ho KK, Casanueva FF, Melmed S (2014) Expert consensus document: a consensus on the medical treatment of acromegaly. Nat Rev Endocrinol 10(4):243–248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW (2003) The pathophysiological consequences of somatostatin receptor internalization and resistance. Endocr Rev 24(1):28–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cozzi R, Attanasio R, Lodrini S, Lasio G (2004) Cabergoline addition to depot somatostatin analogues in resistant acromegalic patients: efficacy and lack of predictive value of prolactin status. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 61(2):209–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Gatta B, Hau DH, Catargi B, Roger P, Tabarin A (2005) Re-evaluation of the efficacy of the association of cabergoline to somatostatin analogues in acromegalic patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63(4):477–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jallad RS, Bronstein MD (2009) Optimizing medical therapy of acromegaly: beneficial effects of cabergoline in patients uncontrolled with long-acting release octreotide. Neuroendocrinology 90(1):82–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Marzullo P, Ferone D, Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Filippella M, Lombardi G, Colao A (1999) Efficacy of combined treatment with lanreotide and cabergoline in selected therapy-resistant acromegalic patients. Pituitary 1(2):115–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Selvarajah D, Webster J, Ross R, Newell-Price J (2005) Effectiveness of adding dopamine agonist therapy to long-acting somatostatin analogues in the management of acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 152(4):569–574

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Mattar P, Alves Martins MR, Abucham J (2010) Short- and long-term efficacy of combined cabergoline and octreotide treatment in controlling igf-I levels in acromegaly. Neuroendocrinology 92(2):120–127

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Vilar L, Azevedo MF, Naves LA, Casulari LA, Albuquerque JL, Montenegro RM, Montenegro RM Jr, Figueiredo P, Nascimento GC, Faria MS (2011) Role of the addition of cabergoline to the management of acromegalic patients resistant to longterm treatment with octreotide LAR. Pituitary 14(2):148–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Suda K, Inoshita N, Iguchi G, Fukuoka H, Takahashi M, Nishizawa H, Yamamoto M, Yamada S, Takahashi Y (2013) Efficacy of combined octreotide and cabergoline treatment in patients with acromegaly: a retrospective clinical study and review of the literature. Endocr J 60(4):507–515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Puig-Domingo M, Soto A, Venegas E, Vilchez R, Blanco C, Cordido F, Lucas T, Marazuela M, Casany R, Cuatrecasas G, Fajardo C, Galvez MA, Maraver S, Martin T, Romero E, Paja M, Pico A, Bernabeu I, Resmini E, Group AS (2016) Use of lanreotide in combination with cabergoline or pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly in the clinical practice: the ACROCOMB study. Endocrinol Nutr 63(8):397–408

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Bernabeu I, Alvarez-Escola C, Paniagua AE, Lucas T, Pavon I, Cabezas-Agricola JM, Casanueva FF, Marazuela M (2013) Pegvisomant and cabergoline combination therapy in acromegaly. Pituitary 16(1):101–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Higham CE, Atkinson AB, Aylwin S, Bidlingmaier M, Drake WM, Lewis A, Martin NM, Moyes V, Newell-Price J, Trainer PJ (2012) Effective combination treatment with cabergoline and low-dose pegvisomant in active acromegaly: a prospective clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(4):1187–1193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Boyd A (1995) Bromocriptine and psychosis: a literature review. Psychiatr Q 66(1):87–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Bancos I, Nannenga MR, Bostwick JM, Silber MH, Erickson D, Nippoldt TB (2014) Impulse control disorders in patients with dopamine agonist-treated prolactinomas and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a case-control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 80(6):863–868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Noronha S, Stokes V, Karavitaki N, Grossman A (2016) Treating prolactinomas with dopamine agonists: always worth the gamble? Endocr 51(2):205–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Barake M, Evins AE, Stoeckel L, Pachas GN, Nachtigall LB, Miller KK, Biller BM, Tritos NA, Klibanski A (2014) Investigation of impulsivity in patients on dopamine agonist therapy for hyperprolactinemia: a pilot study. Pituitary 17(2):150–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Moore TJ, Glenmullen J, Mattison DR (2014) Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs. JAMA Intern Med 174(12):1930–1933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Guptha SH, Promnitz AD (2005) Pleural effusion and thickening due to cabergoline use in a patient with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Intern Med 16(2):129–131

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Ling LH, Ahlskog JE, Munger TM, Limper AH, Oh JK (1999) Constrictive pericarditis and pleuropulmonary disease linked to ergot dopamine agonist therapy (cabergoline) for Parkinson’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc 74(4):371–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Townsend M, MacIver DH (2004) Constrictive pericarditis and pleuropulmonary fibrosis secondary to cabergoline treatment for Parkinson’s disease. Heart 90(8):e47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Londahl M, Nilsson A, Lindgren H, Katzman P (2008) A case of constrictive pericarditis during cabergoline treatment for hyperprolactinaemia. Eur J Endocrinol 158(4):583–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Suliman SG, Gurlek A, Byrne JV, Sullivan N, Thanabalasingham G, Cudlip S, Ansorge O, Wass JA (2007) Nonsurgical cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in invasive macroprolactinoma: incidence, radiological, and clinicopathological features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(10):3829–3835

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Maiter D, Delgrange E (2014) Therapy of endocrine disease: the challenges in managing giant prolactinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 170(6):R213–R227

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Lam G, Mehta V, Zada G (2012) Spontaneous and medically induced cerebrospinal fluid leakage in the setting of pituitary adenomas: review of the literature. Neurosurg Focus 32(6):E2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Thakur B, Jesurasa AR, Ross R, Carroll TA, Mirza S, Sinha S (2011) Transnasal trans-sphenoidal endoscopic repair of CSF leak secondary to invasive pituitary tumours using a nasoseptal flap. Pituitary 14(2):163–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Schade R, Andersohn F, Suissa S, Haverkamp W, Garbe E (2007) Dopamine agonists and the risk of cardiac-valve regurgitation. N Engl J Med 356(1):29–38

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Zanettini R, Antonini A, Gatto G, Gentile R, Tesei S, Pezzoli G (2007) Valvular heart disease and the use of dopamine agonists for Parkinson’s disease. N Engl J Med 356(1):39–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Roth BL (2007) Drugs and valvular heart disease. N Engl J Med 356(1):6–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Caputo C, Prior D, Inder WJ (2015) The need for annual echocardiography to detect cabergoline-associated valvulopathy in patients with prolactinoma: a systematic review and additional clinical data. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 3(11):906–913

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Auriemma RS, Pivonello R, Perone Y, Grasso LF, Ferreri L, Simeoli C, Iacuaniello D, Gasperi M, Colao A (2013) Safety of long-term treatment with cabergoline on cardiac valve disease in patients with prolactinomas. Eur J Endocrinol 169(3):359–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Delgado V, Biermasz NR, van Thiel SW, Ewe SH, Marsan NA, Holman ER, Feelders RA, Smit JW, Bax JJ, Pereira AM (2012) Changes in heart valve structure and function in patients treated with dopamine agonists for prolactinomas, a 2-year follow-up study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 77(1):99–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Gu H, Luck S, Carroll PV, Powrie J, Chambers J (2011) Cardiac valve disease and low-dose dopamine agonist therapy: an artefact of reporting bias? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 74(5):608–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Cawood TJ, Bridgman P, Hunter L, Cole D (2009) Low-dose cabergoline causing valvular heart disease in a patient treated for prolactinoma. Intern Med J 39(4):266–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bhat MH, Mushtaq S, Saba S, Saif R, Ali G (2011) Cabergoline-induced tricuspid regurgitation: case report and review of literature. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 15(2):137–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Colao A, Marek J, Goth MI, Caron P, Kuhn JM, Minuto FM, Weissman NJ (2008) No greater incidence or worsening of cardiac valve regurgitation with somatostatin analog treatment of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93(6):2243–2248

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Colao A, Spinelli L, Marzullo P, Pivonello R, Petretta M, Di Somma C, Vitale G, Bonaduce D, Lombardi G (2003) High prevalence of cardiac valve disease in acromegaly: an observational, analytical, case-control study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(7):3196–3201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Pereira AM, van Thiel SW, Lindner JR, Roelfsema F, van der Wall EE, Morreau H, Smit JW, Romijn JA, Bax JJ (2004) Increased prevalence of regurgitant valvular heart disease in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(1):71–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. van der Klaauw AA, Bax JJ, Roelfsema F, Bleeker GB, Holman ER, Corssmit EP, van der Wall EE, Smit JW, Romijn JA, Pereira AM (2006) Uncontrolled acromegaly is associated with progressive mitral valvular regurgitation. Growth Horm IGF Res 16(2):101–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lafeber M, Stades AM, Valk GD, Cramer MJ, Teding van Berkhout F, Zelissen PM (2010) Absence of major fibrotic adverse events in hyperprolactinemic patients treated with cabergoline. Eur J Endocrinol 162(4):667–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Izgi C, Feray H, Cevik C, Saltan Y, Mansuroglu D, Nugent K (2010) Severe tricuspid regurgitation in a patient receiving low-dose cabergoline for the treatment of acromegaly. J Heart Valve Dis 19(6):797–800

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Maione L, Garcia C, Bouchachi A, Kallel N, Maison P, Salenave S, Young J, Assayag P, Chanson P (2012) No evidence of a detrimental effect of cabergoline therapy on cardiac valves in patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97(9):E1714–E1719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kasuki L, Vieira Neto L, Gadelha MR (2014) Cabergoline treatment in acromegaly: cons. Endocr 46(2):220–225

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Marazuela M, Ramos-Levi A, Sampedro-Nunez M, Bernabeu I (2014) Cabergoline treatment in acromegaly: pros. Endocr 46(2):215–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, 78 rue du Général Leclerc, 94275, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

    Emmanuelle Kuhn & Philippe Chanson

  2. Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France

    Emmanuelle Kuhn & Philippe Chanson

  3. Unité Mixte de Recherche-S1185, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France

    Emmanuelle Kuhn & Philippe Chanson

  4. Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1185, 94276, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France

    Emmanuelle Kuhn & Philippe Chanson

Authors
  1. Emmanuelle Kuhn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Philippe Chanson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philippe Chanson.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

EK declares that she has no conflict of interest. PC. has received unrestricted research and educational grants from Ipsen, Novartis and Pfizer as Head of the Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud. PC has served as investigator (principal or coordinator) for clinical trials funded by Novartis, Pfizer, Ipsen, Italpharmaco, Antisense. PC is member of Advisory Boards from Ipsen, Novartis. PC gave lectures for Ipsen, Novartis, and Pfizer. All the fees and honoraria are paid to his Institution.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants and reviewed in this article were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in studies reviewed in this article.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kuhn, E., Chanson, P. Cabergoline in acromegaly. Pituitary 20, 121–128 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-016-0782-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-016-0782-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation