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Magnetic Nanoparticles in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diagnostics

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ABSTRACT

Magnetic nanoparticles are useful as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Paramagnetic contrast agents have been used for a long time, but more recently superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) have been discovered to influence MRI contrast as well. In contrast to paramagnetic contrast agents, SPIOs can be functionalized and size-tailored in order to adapt to various kinds of soft tissues. Although both types of contrast agents have a inducible magnetization, their mechanisms of influence on spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation of protons are different. A special emphasis on the basic magnetism of nanoparticles and their structures as well as on the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance is made. Examples of different contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance images are given. The potential use of magnetic nanoparticles as diagnostic tracers is explored. Additionally, SPIOs can be used in diagnostic magnetic resonance, since the spin relaxation time of water protons differs, whether magnetic nanoparticles are bound to a target or not.

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Abbreviations

DMR:

diagnostic magnetic resonance

DOTA:

1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid

DPDP:

di-pyridoxyl- di-phosphate

DTPA:

diethylene-triamine –pentaacetic acid

HER2:

human epidermal growth factor receptor 2

MNP:

magnetic nanoparticle

MPI:

magnetic particle imaging

MRI:

magnetic resonance imaging

PEG:

poly-ethylene-glycol

PEI:

poly-ethylen-imine

PET:

positron emission tomography

SPIO:

superparamagnetic iron oxide

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS & DISCLOSURES

We thank J. Hintermair and A. Heidsieck, Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik (IMETUM), Technische Universität München, Germany for performing cell culture and computer simulation and S. Glaser, Chemistry Department, Technische Universität München, Germany, for providing the NMR spectrometers.

This work was partly supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG, grant no. GL 661/1-1) within the Research Unit 917 “Nanoparticle-based targeting of gene- and cell-based therapies”.

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  1. Zentralinstitut für Medizintechnik (IMETUM), Technische Universität München, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748, Garching, Germany

    Christine Rümenapp, Bernhard Gleich & Axel Haase

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  1. Christine Rümenapp
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  2. Bernhard Gleich
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Correspondence to Axel Haase.

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Christine Rümenapp and Bernhard Gleich contributed equally.

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Rümenapp, C., Gleich, B. & Haase, A. Magnetic Nanoparticles in Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Diagnostics. Pharm Res 29, 1165–1179 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-012-0711-y

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