Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Nucleation and growth mechanism of Co–Pt alloy nanowires electrodeposited within alumina template

  • Research Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Nanoparticle Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Co–Pt alloy nanowires were electrodeposited by direct current electrodeposition within nanoporous alumina templates with varying deposition potentials. The effect of deposition potential on nucleation and growth mechanisms during electrodeposition of Co–Pt alloy nanowires was investigated. The less negative deposition potential (−0.9 V) favours the instantaneous nucleation mechanism. The positive deviation from theoretical instantaneous and progressive nucleation mechanisms occurs at higher negative deposition potentials. The hysteresis behaviour and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co–Pt alloy nanowires altered with varying deposition potential. The easy magnetization direction was in direction perpendicular to the wire axis. The deposition potential dependent change in hysteresis behaviour with increased coercivity and scattered remanence ratio was observed. This is attributed to better crystallinity with reduced defect density and hydrogen evolution causing structural changes at more negative deposition potentials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alam A, Kraczek B, Johnson DD (2010) Structural, magnetic, and defect properties of Co-Pt-type magnetic-storage alloys: density-functional theory study of thermal processing effects. Phys Rev B 82:024435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad MS, Šturm S, Zavašnik J, Espejo AP, Escrig J, Komelj M, McGuiness PJ, Kobe S, Žužek Rožman K (2014) Effect of magnetocrystalline anisotropy on the magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co–Pt nanowires. J Nanopart Res 16:2688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett JA, Swain GM (2010) Investigating the nucleation and growth of electrodeposited Pt on polycrystalline diamond electrodes. J Electrochem Soc 157:F89–F96

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Budevski E, Staikov G, Lorenz WJ (1996) Electrochemical phase formation and growth. VCH, Weinhheim

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Callegaro L, Puppin E, Cavallotti PL, Zangari G (1996) Electroplated, high Hc CoPt films: δM magneto-optical measurements. J Magn Magn Mater 155:190–192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chinnasamy CN, Jeyadevan B, Shinoda K, Tohji K (2003) Polyol-process-derived CoPt nanoparticles: structural and magnetic properties. J Appl Phys 93:7583

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cortés M, Gómez E, Vallés E (2013) Electrochemical growth of CoPt nanowires of different aspect ratio and their magnetic properties. J Electroanal Chem 689:69–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croll IM (1987) Effect of pH on crystallographic orientation of plated cobalt films. IEEE Trans Magn 23(1):59–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning JS, Bennion DN, Newman J (1971) Analysis of porous electrodes with sparingly soluble reactants. J Electrochem Soc 118:1251–1256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fasol G (1998) Nanowires: small is beautiful. Science 280:545–546

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghidini M, Lodi-Rizzini A, Pernechele C, Solzi M, Pellicelli R, Zangari G, Vavassori P (2010) Growth rate dependence of the extrinsic magnetic properties of electrodeposited CoPt films. J Magn Magn Mater 322:1576–1580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez H, Riveros G, Ramirez D, Henriquez R, Schrebler R, Marotti R, Dalchiele E (2012) Growth and characterization of ZnO nanowire arrays electrodeposited into anodic alumina templates in DMSO solution. J Solid State Electrochem 16:197–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haehnel V, Fähler S, Schaaf P, Miglierini M, Mickel C, Schultz L, Schlörb H (2010) Towards smooth and pure iron nanowires grown by electrodeposition in self-organized alumina membranes. Acta Mater 58:2330–2337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang YH, Okumura H, Hadjipanayis GC, Weller D (2002) CoPt and FePt nanowires by electrodeposition. J Appl Phys 91:6869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanov YP, Vázquez M, Chubykalo-Fesenko O (2013) Magnetic reversal modes in cylindrical nanowires. J Phys D Appl Phys 46:485001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JH, Kim RH, Kwon HS (2008) Preparation of copper foam with 3-dimensionally interconnected spherical pore network by electrodeposition. Electrochem Commun 10:1148–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar A, Fähler S, Schlörb H, Leistner K, Schultz L (2006) Competition between shape anisotropy and magnetoelastic anisotropy in Ni nanowires electrodeposited within alumina templates. Phys Rev B 73:064421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li AP, Müller F, Birner A, Nielsch K, Gösele U (1998) Hexagonal pore arrays with a 50–420 nm interpore distance formed by self-organization in anodic alumina. J Appl Phys 84:6023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CL, Wu AW, Wang YC, Tseng YC, Tsay JS (2013) Spin reorientation transitions and structures of electrodeposited Ni/Cu(100) ultrathin films with and without Pb additives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 15:2360–2367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Majidi H, Van KT, Baxter JB (2012) Nucleation and growth of extremely thin CdSe films electrodeposited from near-neutral electrolytes. J Electrochem Soc 159:D605–D610

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallet J, Zhang KY, Chien CL, Eagleton TS, Searson PC (2004) Fabrication and magnetic properties of fcc CoXPt1−X nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 84:3900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallett JJ, Svedberg EB, Sayan S, Shapiro AJ, Wielunski L, Madey TE, Chen PJ, Egelhoff JWF, Moffat TP (2005) Compositional control in electrodeposited CoxPt1−x films. Electrochem Solid State Lett 8:C15–C18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masuda H, Fukuda K (1995) Ordered metal nanohole arrays made by a two-step replication of honeycomb structures of anodic alumina. Science 268:1466–1468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurer F, Brötz J, Karim S, Molares MET, Trautmann C, Fuess H (2007) Preferred growth orientation of metallic fcc nanowires under direct and alternating electrodeposition conditions. Nanotechnology 18:135709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen VD, Vila L, Marty A, Pillet JC, Notin L, Beigné C, Pizzini S, Attané JP (2012) Dimensionality effects on the magnetization reversal in narrow FePt nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 100:252403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsch K, Muller F, Li AP (2000) Uniform nickel deposition into ordered alumina pores by pulsed electrodeposition. Adv Mater 12:582–586

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto H (2006) Co-Pt Phase Diagram, ASM Alloy Phase Diagrams Center, Villars P, editor-in-chief; Okamoto H, Cenzual K, section editors; ASM International, Materials Park, OH

  • Pan H, Liu BH, Yi JB, Poh C, Lim S, Ding J, Feng YP, Huan CHA, Lin JY (2005) Growth of single-crystalline Ni and Co nanowires via electrochemical deposition and their magnetic properties. J Phys Chem B 109:3094–3098

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pattanaik G, Zangari G (2006) Morphology and magnetic properties of Co-rich Co-Pt thin films electrodeposited on Cr seed layers. J Electrochem Soc 153:C6–C10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riveros G, Green S, Cortes A, Gómez H, Marotti RE, Dalchiele EA (2006) Silver nanowire arrays electrochemically grown into nanoporous anodic alumina templates. Nanotechnology 17:561–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa WO, Vivas LG, Pirota KR, Asenjo A, Vázquez M (2012) Influence of aspect ratio and anisotropy distribution in ordered CoNi nanowire arrays. J Magn Magn Mater 324:3679–3682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scharifker B, Hills G (1983) Theoretical and experimental studies of multiple nucleation. Electrochim Acta 28:879–889

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlörb H, Haehnel V, Khatri MS, Srivastav A, Kumar A, Schultz L, Fähler S (2010) Magnetic nanowires by electrodeposition within templates. Phys Status Solidi B 247:2364–2379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shamaila S, Sharif R, Chen JY, Liu HR, Han XF (2009) Magnetic field annealing dependent magnetic properties of Co90Pt10 nanowire arrays. J Magn Magn Mater 321:3984–3989

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shin S, Kong BH, Kim BS, Kim KM, Cho HK, Cho HH (2011) Over 95 % of large-scale length uniformity in template-assisted electrodeposited nanowires by subzero-temperature electrodeposition. Nanoscale Res Lett 6:467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shiomi S, Okazawa H, Nakakita T, Kobayashi T, Masuda M (1993) Magnetic properties CoPt alloy films sputtered on Pt underlayers. Jpn J Appl Phys 32((2) 3A):L315–L317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simm AO, Ji X, Banks CE, Hyde ME, Compton RG (2006) AFM studies of metal deposition: instantaneous nucleation and the growth of cobalt nanoparticles on boron-doped diamond electrodes. Chemphyschem 7:704–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skomski R (2003) Nanomagnetics. J Phys 15:R841–R896

    Google Scholar 

  • Sousa CT, Leitao DC, Proenca MP, Ventura J, Pereira AM, Araujo JP (2014) Nanoporous alumina as templates for multifunctional applications. Appl Phys Rev 1:031102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastav AK, Shekhar R (2014) Crystal anisotropy induced temperature dependent magnetization in cobalt nanowires electrodeposited within alumina template. J Magn Magn Mater 349:21–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tian M, Wang J, Kurtz J, Mallouk TE, Chan MHW (2003) Electrochemical growth of single-crystal metal nanowires via a two-dimensional nucleation and growth mechanism. Nano Lett 3:919–923

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vivas LG, Escrig J, Trabada DG, Badini-Confalonieri GA, Vázquez M (2012) Magnetic anisotropy in ordered textured Co nanowires. Appl Phys Lett 100:252405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weller D, Doerner MF (2000) Extremely high-density longitudinal magnetic recording media. Annu Rev Mater Sci 30:611–644

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wen X, Zhang XX, Zhang Y, Yue GH, Wang JB, Wang ZW, Peng DL (2013) Structure and magnetic properties of the Co x Pt100−x nanowire arrays. Appl Phys A 112:869–875

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Ghidini M, Zangari G (2012) The influence of hypophosphite additions on the electrodeposition of Co-rich Co-Pt alloys, and on their structural and magnetic properties. J Electrochem Soc 159:D240–D245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Varghese B, Tan HK, Wong SK, Piramanayagam SN (2014) Microstructure investigations of hcp phase CoPt thin films with high coercivity. J Appl Phys 115:083910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ye Z, Liu H, Schultz I, Wu W, Naugle DG, Lyuksyutov I (2008) Template-based fabrication of nanowire–nanotube hybrid arrays. Nanotechnology 19:325303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zana I, Zangari G (2004) Magnetic properties of electrodeposited Co–Pt thin films with very high perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. J Magn Magn Mater 272–276:1698–1699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XY, Zhang LD, Lei Y, Zhao LX, Mao YQ (2001) Fabrication and characterization of highly ordered Au nanowire arrays. J Mater Chem 11:1732–1734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Žužek Rožman K, Krause A, Leistner K, Fähler S, Schultz L, Schlörb H (2007) Electrodeposition and hard magnetic properties of Co–Pt films in comparison to Fe–Pt films. J Magn Magn Mater 314:116–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Ajeet K. Srivastav acknowledges financial support by the DAAD. He is grateful to Prof. L. Schultz to accept him as a DAAD fellow to perform the experiments at IFW Dresden under DAAD/IIT Master-Sandwich-Program. We would like to thank S. Neitsch for the preparation of alumina template. Finally, the authors are thankful to S. Fähler, H. Schlörb and M.S. Chandrasekar for fruitful discussion.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ajeet K. Srivastav

    Present address: Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India

    Ajeet K. Srivastav & Rajiv Shekhar

Authors
  1. Ajeet K. Srivastav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rajiv Shekhar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ajeet K. Srivastav.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Srivastav, A.K., Shekhar, R. Nucleation and growth mechanism of Co–Pt alloy nanowires electrodeposited within alumina template. J Nanopart Res 17, 14 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2858-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2858-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation