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Insect damage influences heat and water stress resistance gene expression in field-grown popcorn: implications in developing crop varieties adapted to climate change

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Abstract

Warming climatic conditions can pose problems for crop production in many parts of the world, but detailed information on the expression of heat and drought stress resistance genes of potentially affected crop plants is lacking. This information is important to have in order to most efficiently guide the breeding of crops that are adapted to new climatic conditions. A maize (Zea mays) gene microarray, a method used worldwide to evaluate the expression of tens of thousands of genes at once, was used to investigate changes in expression of genes involved in resistance to heat and water stress in milk stage popcorn kernels from undamaged and insect-damaged ears. Popcorn is a form of maize that is more susceptible to heat and drought stress due to its smaller root system. In years of heat and drought stress, expression of many heat shock- and senescence-related proteins increased compared to the year when weather was closer to average conditions, but the expression of many genes related to drought stress resistance decreased in years of weather stress. A different complex of heat shock protein and water stress resistance protein genes had higher expression in kernels from undamaged compared to insect-damaged ears in years of heat and drought stress. These results indicate that the interaction of biotic components, such as insects, are important to consider in developing crop lines with adaptation to stress as this will help identify additional genes and their regulatory components involved in heat and drought stress resistance that might otherwise be overlooked, and will likely be an important strategy for the most effective development of climate stress-tolerant crops globally.

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Acknowledgements

We thank D. Clark and D. Duval for allowing us to sample fields, the Central Illinois Irrigated Growers Association for facilitating the collaboration, D. Lee and M. Doehring for technical assistance, and M. L. Lagrimini, A. P. Rooney, M. M. Vaughan, and F.E. Vega for comments on prior versions of the manuscript.

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  1. Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 North University Street, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

    Patrick F. Dowd & Eric T. Johnson

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PFD designed the experiments, collected and prepared the plant material, analyzed and interpreted data, wrote most of the manuscript; ETJ performed gene array hybridizations, and wrote portions of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Patrick F. Dowd.

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Dowd, P.F., Johnson, E.T. Insect damage influences heat and water stress resistance gene expression in field-grown popcorn: implications in developing crop varieties adapted to climate change. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 23, 1063–1081 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-017-9772-x

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