Abstract
Mitochondria are essential components of eukaryotic cells and are involved in a diverse set of cellular processes that include ATP production, cellular signalling, apoptosis and cell growth. These organelles are thought to have originated from a symbiotic relationship between prokaryotic cells in an effort to provide a bioenergetic jump and thus, the greater complexity observed in eukaryotes (Lane and Martin 2010). Mitochondrial processes are required not only for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, but also allow cell to cell and tissue to tissue communication (Nunnari and Suomalainen 2012). Mitochondrial phospholipids are important components of this system. Phospholipids make up the characteristic outer and inner membranes that give mitochondria their shape. In addition, these membranes house sterols, sphingolipids and a wide variety of proteins. It is the phospholipids that also give rise to other characteristic mitochondrial structures such as cristae (formed from the invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane), the matrix (area within cristae) and the intermembrane space (IMS) which separates the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). Phospholipids are the building blocks that make up these structures. However, the phospholipid composition of the OMM and IMM is unique in each membrane. Mitochondria are able to synthesize some of the phospholipids it requires, but the majority of cellular lipid biosynthesis takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in conjunction with the Golgi apparatus (Fagone and Jackowski 2009). In this review, we will focus on the role that mitochondrial phospholipids play in specific cellular functions and discuss their biosynthesis, metabolism and transport as well as the differences between the OMM and IMM phospholipid composition. Finally, we will focus on the human diseases that result from disturbances to mitochondrial phospholipids and the current research being performed to help us gain a better understanding of their function.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acehan D, Xu Y, Stokes DL, Schlame M (2007) Comparison of lymphoblast mitochondria from normal subjects and patients with Barth syndrome using electron microscopic tomography. Lab Investig 87(1):40–48
Ades LC, Gedeon AK, Wilson MJ, Latham M, Partington MW, Mulley JC et al (1993) Barth syndrome: clinical features and confirmation of gene localisation to distal Xq28. Am J Med Genet 45(3):327–334
Agassandian M, Mallampalli RK (2013) Surfactant phospholipid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831(3):612–625
Antonsson B (1997) Phosphatidylinositol synthase from mammalian tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta 1348(1–2):179–186
Aoyama C, Liao H, Ishidate K (2004) Structure and function of choline kinase isoforms in mammalian cells. Prog Lipid Res 43(3):266–281
Ardail D, Privat JP, Egret-Charlier M, Levrat C, Lerme F, Louisot P (1990) Mitochondrial contact sites. Lipid composition and dynamics. J Biol Chem 265(31):18797–18802
Athenstaedt K, Daum G (1999) Phosphatidic acid, a key intermediate in lipid metabolism. Eur J Biochem 266(1):1–16
Barth PG, Scholte HR, Berden JA, Van der Klei-Van Moorsel JM, Luyt-Houwen IE, van der Harten JJ et al (1983) An X-linked mitochondrial disease affecting cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and neutrophil leucocytes. J Neurol Sci 62(1-3):327–355
Becker T, Horvath SE, Bottinger L, Gebert N, Daum G, Pfanner N (2013) Role of phosphatidylethanolamine in the biogenesis of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins. J Biol Chem 288(23):16451–16459
Boehning D, Patterson RL, Sedaghat L, Glebova NO, Kurosaki T, Snyder SH (2003) Cytochrome c binds to inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate receptors, amplifying calcium-dependent apoptosis. Nat Cell Biol 5(12):1051–1061
Bolhuis PA, Hensels GW, Hulsebos TJ, Baas F, Barth PG (1991) Mapping of the locus for X-linked cardioskeletal myopathy with neutropenia and abnormal mitochondria (Barth syndrome) to Xq28. Am J Hum Genet 48(3):481–485
Bottinger L, Horvath SE, Kleinschroth T, Hunte C, Daum G, Pfanner N et al (2012) Phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin differentially affect the stability of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. J Mol Biol 423(5):677–686
Cai J, Abramovici H, Gee SH, Topham MK (2009) Diacylglycerol kinases as sources of phosphatidic acid. Biochim Biophys Acta 1791(9):942–948
Cao J, Liu Y, Lockwood J, Burn P, Shi Y (2004) A novel cardiolipin-remodeling pathway revealed by a gene encoding an endoplasmic reticulum-associated acyl-CoA:lysocardiolipin acyltransferase (ALCAT1) in mouse. J Biol Chem 279(30):31727–31734
Chen S, Tarsio M, Kane PM, Greenberg ML (2008) Cardiolipin mediates cross-talk between mitochondria and the vacuole. Mol Biol Cell 19(12):5047–5058
Cheng P, Hatch GM (1995) Inhibition of cardiolipin biosynthesis in the hypoxic rat heart. Lipids 30(6):513–519
Choi SY, Huang P, Jenkins GM, Chan DC, Schiller J, Frohman MA (2006) A common lipid links Mfn-mediated mitochondrial fusion and SNARE-regulated exocytosis. Nat Cell Biol 8(11):1255–1262
Chu CT, Ji J, Dagda RK, Jiang JF, Tyurina YY, Kapralov AA et al (2013) Cardiolipin externalization to the outer mitochondrial membrane acts as an elimination signal for mitophagy in neuronal cells. Nat Cell Biol 15(10):1197–1205
Cockcroft S (2001) Signalling roles of mammalian phospholipase D1 and D2. Cell Mol Life Sci 58(11):1674–1687
Cole LK, Vance JE, Vance DE (2012) Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and lipoprotein metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 1821(5):754–761
Daum G, Vance JE (1997) Import of lipids into mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 36(2–3):103–130
de Kroon AI, Dolis D, Mayer A, Lill R, de Kruijff B (1997) Phospholipid composition of highly purified mitochondrial outer membranes of rat liver and Neurospora crassa. Is cardiolipin present in the mitochondrial outer membrane? Biochim Biophys Acta 1325(1):108–116
Detmer SA, Chan DC (2007) Functions and dysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 8(11):870–879
Dudek J, Cheng IF, Balleininger M, Vaz FM, Streckfuss-Bomeke K, Hubscher D et al (2013) Cardiolipin deficiency affects respiratory chain function and organization in an induced pluripotent stem cell model of Barth syndrome. Stem Cell Res 11(2):806–819
Eddy EM (1975) Germ plasm and the differentiation of the germ cell line. Int Rev Cytol 43:229–280
Fagone P, Jackowski S (2009) Membrane phospholipid synthesis and endoplasmic reticulum function. J Lipid Res 50:S311–S316
Gaigg B, Simbeni R, Hrastnik C, Paltauf F, Daum G (1995) Characterization of a microsomal subfraction associated with mitochondria of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Involvement in synthesis and import of phospholipids into mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1234(2):214–220
Gasparre, G., Porcelli, A. M., Lenaz, G., Romeo G. (2013) Relevance of mitochondrial genetics and metabolism in cancer development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect. Biol. 5(2), 10.1101/cshperspect.a011411
Gebert N, Joshi AS, Kutik S, Becker T, McKenzie M, Guan XL et al (2009) Mitochondrial cardiolipin involved in outer-membrane protein biogenesis: implications for Barth syndrome. Curr Biol 19(24):2133–2139
Gimeno RE, Cao J (2008) Thematic review series: glycerolipids. Mammalian glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases: new genes for an old activity. J Lipid Res 49(10):2079–2088
Gohil VM, Thompson MN, Greenberg ML (2005) Synthetic lethal interaction of the mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin biosynthetic pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 280(42):35410–35416
Gomez LA, Hagen TM (2012) Age-related decline in mitochondrial bioenergetics: does supercomplex destabilization determine lower oxidative capacity and higher superoxide production? Semin Cell Dev Biol 23(7):758–767
Gonzalvez F, Schug ZT, Houtkooper RH, MacKenzie ED, Brooks DG, Wanders RJ et al (2008) Cardiolipin provides an essential activating platform for caspase-8 on mitochondria. J Cell Biol 183(4):681–696
Gonzalvez F, D′Aurelio M, Boutant M, Moustapha A, Puech JP, Landes T et al (2013) Barth syndrome: cellular compensation of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis inhibition due to changes in cardiolipin remodeling linked to tafazzin (TAZ) gene mutation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1832(8):1194–1206
Hailey DW, Rambold AS, Satpute-Krishnan P, Mitra K, Sougrat R, Kim PK et al (2010) Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell 141(4):656–667
Hallman M, Gluck L (1976) Phosphatidylglycerol in lung surfactant. III. Possible modifier of surfactant function. J Lipid Res 17(3):257–262
Hatch GM (1994) Cardiolipin biosynthesis in the isolated heart. Biochem J 297(Pt 1):201–208
Hatch GM (2004) Cell biology of cardiac mitochondrial phospholipids. Biochem Cell Biol 82(1):99–112
Horvath SE, Daum G (2013) Lipids of mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 52(4):590–614
Hostetler, K. Y. (1982) In Polyglycerophospholipids: phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and bis (monoacylglycero) phosphate; Hawthorne, J. N., Ansell, G. B., Eds.; Phospholipids; pp 215
Hostetler KY, van den Bosch H (1972) Subcellular and submitochondrial localization of the biosynthesis of cardiolipin and related phospholipids in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 260(3):380–386
Hostetler KY, Van den Bosch H, Van Deenen LL (1971) Biosynthesis of cardiolipin in liver mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta 239(1):113–119
Hostetler KY, Galesloot JM, Boer P, Van Den Bosch H (1975) Further studies on the formation of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in rat liver mitochondria. Effect of divalent cations and the fatty acid composition of CDP-diglyceride. Biochim Biophys Acta 380(3):382–389
Hostetler KY, Zenner BD, Morris HP (1978) Altered subcellular and submitochondrial localization of CTP:phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase in the Morris 7777 hepatoma. J Lipid Res 19(5):553–560
Houtkooper RH, Akbari H, van Lenthe H, Kulik W, Wanders RJ, Frentzen M et al (2006) Identification and characterization of human cardiolipin synthase. FEBS Lett 580(13):3059–3064
Hovius R, Thijssen J, van der Linden P, Nicolay K, de Kruijff B (1993) Phospholipid asymmetry of the outer membrane of rat liver mitochondria. Evidence for the presence of cardiolipin on the outside of the outer membrane. FEBS Lett 330(1):71–76
Huang H, Gao Q, Peng X, Choi SY, Sarma K, Ren H et al (2011) piRNA-associated germline nuage formation and spermatogenesis require MitoPLD profusogenic mitochondrial-surface lipid signaling. Dev Cell 20(3):376–387
Janssen MJ, van Voorst F, Ploeger GE, Larsen PM, Larsen MR, de Kroon AI et al (2002) Photolabeling identifies an interaction between phosphatidylcholine and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gut2p) in yeast mitochondria. Biochemistry 41(18):5702–5711
Joshi AS, Thompson MN, Fei N, Huttemann M, Greenberg ML (2012) Cardiolipin and mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine have overlapping functions in mitochondrial fusion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 287(21):17589–17597
Kagan VE, Tyurin VA, Jiang J, Tyurina YY, Ritov VB, Amoscato AA et al (2005) Cytochrome c acts as a cardiolipin oxygenase required for release of proapoptotic factors. Nat Chem Biol 1(4):223–232
Kandasamy P, Zarini S, Chan ED, Leslie CC, Murphy RC, Voelker DR (2011) Pulmonary surfactant phosphatidylglycerol inhibits Mycoplasma pneumoniae-stimulated eicosanoid production from human and mouse macrophages. J Biol Chem 286(10):7841–7853
Kennedy EP, Weiss SB (1956) The function of cytidine coenzymes in the biosynthesis of phospholipides. J Biol Chem 222(1):193–214
Kim YJ, Guzman-Hernandez ML, Balla T (2011) A highly dynamic ER-derived phosphatidylinositol-synthesizing organelle supplies phosphoinositides to cellular membranes. Dev Cell 21(5):813–824
Klingenberg M (2008) The ADP and ATP transport in mitochondria and its carrier. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778(10):1978–2021
Kooijman EE, Carter KM, van Laar EG, Chupin V, Burger KN, de Kruijff B (2005) What makes the bioactive lipids phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid so special? Biochemistry 44(51):17007–17015
Kornmann B (2013) The molecular hug between the ER and the mitochondria. Curr Opin Cell Biol 25(4):443–448
Kornmann B, Currie E, Collins SR, Schuldiner M, Nunnari J, Weissman JS et al (2009) An ER-mitochondria tethering complex revealed by a synthetic biology screen. Science 325(5939):477–481
Kubli DA, Gustafsson AB (2012) Mitochondria and mitophagy: the yin and yang of cell death control. Circ Res 111(9):1208–1221
Kuwana T, Mackey MR, Perkins G, Ellisman MH, Latterich M, Schneiter R et al (2002) Bid, Bax, and lipids cooperate to form supramolecular openings in the outer mitochondrial membrane. Cell 111(3):331–342
Lane N, Martin W (2010) The energetics of genome complexity. Nature 467(7318):929–934
Lee HC, Inoue T, Sasaki J, Kubo T, Matsuda S, Nakasaki Y et al (2012) LPIAT1 regulates arachidonic acid content in phosphatidylinositol and is required for cortical lamination in mice. Mol Biol Cell 23(24):4689–4700
Leventis PA, Grinstein S (2010) The distribution and function of phosphatidylserine in cellular membranes. Annu Rev Biophys 39:407–427
Li Y, Zou W, Yan Q, Xu Y, Xia Q, Tsui Z et al (2009) Over-expression of pemt2 into rat hepatoma cells contributes to the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. IUBMB Life 61(8):846–852
Li J, Romestaing C, Han X, Li Y, Hao X, Wu Y et al (2010) Cardiolipin remodeling by ALCAT1 links oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to obesity. Cell Metab 12(2):154–165
Lu B, Jiang YJ, Man MQ, Brown B, Elias PM, Feingold KR (2005) Expression and regulation of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol- 3-phosphate acyltransferases in the epidermis. J Lipid Res 46(11):2448–2457
Lutter M, Fang M, Luo X, Nishijima M, Xie X, Wang X (2000) Cardiolipin provides specificity for targeting of tBid to mitochondria. Nat Cell Biol 2(10):754–761
Mancuso DJ, Sims HF, Han X, Jenkins CM, Guan SP, Yang K et al (2007) Genetic ablation of calcium-independent phospholipase A2gamma leads to alterations in mitochondrial lipid metabolism and function resulting in a deficient mitochondrial bioenergetic phenotype. J Biol Chem 282(48):34611–34622
Maranzana E, Barbero G, Falasca AI, Lenaz G, Genova ML (2013) Mitochondrial respiratory supercomplex association limits production of reactive oxygen species from complex I. Antioxid Redox Signal 19(13):1469–1480
Martin J, Mahlke K, Pfanner N (1991) Role of an energized inner membrane in mitochondrial protein import. Delta psi drives the movement of presequences. J Biol Chem 266(27):18051–18057
McKenzie M, Lazarou M, Thorburn DR, Ryan MT (2006) Mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes are destabilized in barth syndrome patients. J Mol Biol 361(3):462–469
Mejia, E. M., Nguyen, H., Hatch, G. M. (2013) Mammalian cardiolipin biosynthesis. Chem. Phys. Lipids
Mitsuhashi S, Ohkuma A, Talim B, Karahashi M, Koumura T, Aoyama C et al (2011) A congenital muscular dystrophy with mitochondrial structural abnormalities caused by defective de novo phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Am J Hum Genet 88(6):845–851
Muralikrishna Adibhatla R, Hatcher JF (2006) Phospholipase A2, reactive oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation in cerebral ischemia. Free Radic Biol Med 40(3):376–387
Nebauer R, Rosenberger S, Daum G (2007) Phosphatidylethanolamine, a limiting factor of autophagy in yeast strains bearing a defect in the carboxypeptidase Y pathway of vacuolar targeting. J Biol Chem 282(23):16736–16743
Nikawa J, Yamashita S (1997) Phosphatidylinositol synthase from yeast. Biochim Biophys Acta 1348(1–2):173–178
Nowicki M, Muller F, Frentzen M (2005) Cardiolipin synthase of Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 579(10):2161–2165
Nunnari J, Suomalainen A (2012) Mitochondria: in sickness and in health. Cell 148(6):1145–1159
Oliveira TG, Di Paolo G (2010) Phospholipase D in brain function and Alzheimer′s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 1801(8):799–805
Osman C, Voelker DR, Langer T (2011) Making heads or tails of phospholipids in mitochondria. J Cell Biol 192(1):7–16
Ostrander DB, Zhang M, Mileykovskaya E, Rho M, Dowhan W (2001) Lack of mitochondrial anionic phospholipids causes an inhibition of translation of protein components of the electron transport chain. A yeast genetic model system for the study of anionic phospholipid function in mitochondria. J Biol Chem 276(27):25262–25272
Pagac M, de la Mora HV, Duperrex C, Roubaty C, Vionnet C, Conzelmann A (2011) Topology of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases SLC1 and ALE1 and related membrane-bound O-acyltransferases (MBOATs) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 286(42):36438–36447
Pagac M, Vazquez HM, Bochud A, Roubaty C, Knopfli C, Vionnet C et al (2012) Topology of the microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase Gpt2p/Gat1p of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Microbiol 86(5):1156–1166
Paradies G, Petrosillo G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM (2011) Mitochondrial dysfunction in brain aging: role of oxidative stress and cardiolipin. Neurochem Int 58(4):447–457
Paulus H, Kennedy EP (1960) The enzymatic synthesis of inositol monophosphatide. J Biol Chem 235:1303–1311
Pfeiffer K, Gohil V, Stuart RA, Hunte C, Brandt U, Greenberg ML et al (2003) Cardiolipin stabilizes respiratory chain supercomplexes. J Biol Chem 278(52):52873–52880
Powers C, Huang Y, Strauss A, Khuchua Z (2013) Diminished exercise capacity and mitochondrial bc1 complex deficiency in tafazzin-knockdown mice. Front Physiol 4:74
Riekhof WR, Wu J, Jones JL, Voelker DR (2007) Identification and characterization of the major lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 282(39):28344–28352
Rosca MG, Vazquez EJ, Kerner J, Parland W, Chandler MP, Stanley W et al (2008) Cardiac mitochondria in heart failure: decrease in respirasomes and oxidative phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 80(1):30–39
Rosivatz E, Woscholski R (2011) Removal or masking of phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate from the outer mitochondrial membrane causes mitochondrial fragmentation. Cell Signal 23(2):478–486
Scaffidi C, Fulda S, Srinivasan A, Friesen C, Li F, Tomaselli KJ et al (1998) Two CD95 (APO-1/Fas) signaling pathways. EMBO J 17(6):1675–1687
Scapa EF, Pocai A, Wu MK, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Glenz L, Kanno K et al (2008) Regulation of energy substrate utilization and hepatic insulin sensitivity by phosphatidylcholine transfer protein/StarD2. FASEB J 22(7):2579–2590
Schagger H, Pfeiffer K (2000) Supercomplexes in the respiratory chains of yeast and mammalian mitochondria. EMBO J 19(8):1777–1783
Schagger H, von Jagow G (1991) Blue native electrophoresis for isolation of membrane protein complexes in enzymatically active form. Anal Biochem 199(2):223–231
Schlame M (2008) Cardiolipin synthesis for the assembly of bacterial and mitochondrial membranes. J Lipid Res 49(8):1607–1620
Schlame M, Haldar D (1993) Cardiolipin is synthesized on the matrix side of the inner membrane in rat liver mitochondria. J Biol Chem 268(1):74–79
Schon EA (2007) Gene products present in mitochondria of yeast and animal cells. Methods Cell Biol 80:835–876
Schuiki I, Daum G (2009) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylases, key enzymes of lipid metabolism. IUBMB Life 61(2):151–162
Seleznev K, Zhao C, Zhang XH, Song K, Ma ZA (2006) Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 localizes in and protects mitochondria during apoptotic induction by staurosporine. J Biol Chem 281(31):22275–22288
Shiao YJ, Lupo G, Vance JE (1995) Evidence that phosphatidylserine is imported into mitochondria via a mitochondria-associated membrane and that the majority of mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine is derived from decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine. J Biol Chem 270(19):11190–11198
Shinzawa-Itoh K, Aoyama H, Muramoto K, Terada H, Kurauchi T, Tadehara Y et al (2007) Structures and physiological roles of 13 integral lipids of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. EMBO J 26(6):1713–1725
Simbeni R, Pon L, Pon L, Zinser E, Paltauf F, Daum G (1991) Mitochondrial membrane contact sites of yeast. Characterization of lipid components and possible involvement in intramitochondrial translocation of phospholipids. J Biol Chem 266(16):10047–10049
Steenbergen R, Nanowski TS, Beigneux A, Kulinski A, Young SG, Vance JE (2005) Disruption of the phosphatidylserine decarboxylase gene in mice causes embryonic lethality and mitochondrial defects. J Biol Chem 280(48):40032–40040
Stegner D, Thielmann I, Kraft P, Frohman MA, Stoll G, Nieswandt B (2013) Pharmacological inhibition of phospholipase D protects mice from occlusive thrombus formation and ischemic stroke–brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 33(9):2212–2217
Su X, Dowhan W (2006) Translational regulation of nuclear gene COX4 expression by mitochondrial content of phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Mol Cell Biol 26(3):743–753
Sundler R, Akesson B (1975) Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Effect of different substrates. J Biol Chem 250(9):3359–3367
Sundler R, Akesson B, Nilsson A (1974) Quantitative role of base exchange in phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in isolated rat hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 43(3):303–307
Tamura Y, Harada Y, Yamano K, Watanabe K, Ishikawa D, Ohshima C et al (2006) Identification of Tam41 maintaining integrity of the TIM23 protein translocator complex in mitochondria. J Cell Biol 174(5):631–637
Tamura Y, Onguka O, Hobbs AE, Jensen RE, Iijima M, Claypool SM et al (2012) Role for two conserved intermembrane space proteins, Ups1p and Ups2p, [corrected] in intra-mitochondrial phospholipid trafficking. J Biol Chem 287(19):15205–15218
Tamura Y, Harada Y, Nishikawa S, Yamano K, Kamiya M, Shiota T et al (2013) Tam41 Is a CDP-diacylglycerol synthase required for cardiolipin biosynthesis in mitochondria. Cell Metab 17(5):709–718
Tanaka T, Iwawaki D, Sakamoto M, Takai Y, Morishige J, Murakami K et al (2003) Mechanisms of accumulation of arachidonate in phosphatidylinositol in yellowtail. A comparative study of acylation systems of phospholipids in rat and the fish species Seriola quinqueradiata. Eur J Biochem 270(7):1466–1473
Tasseva G, Bai HD, Davidescu M, Haromy A, Michelakis E, Vance JE (2013) Phosphatidylethanolamine deficiency in Mammalian mitochondria impairs oxidative phosphorylation and alters mitochondrial morphology. J Biol Chem 288(6):4158–4173
Taylor WA, Hatch GM (2009) Identification of the human mitochondrial linoleoyl-coenzyme A monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase (MLCL AT-1). J Biol Chem 284(44):30360–30371
Tolias KF, Cantley LC (1999) Pathways for phosphoinositide synthesis. Chem Phys Lipids 98(1–2):69–77
Trotter PJ, Voelker DR (1995) Identification of a non-mitochondrial phosphatidylserine decarboxylase activity (PSD2) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 270(11):6062–6070
Trotter PJ, Pedretti J, Voelker DR (1993) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Isolation of mutants, cloning of the gene, and creation of a null allele. J Biol Chem 268(28):21416–21424
Trotter PJ, Pedretti J, Yates R, Voelker DR (1995) Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cloning and mapping of the gene, heterologous expression, and creation of the null allele. J Biol Chem 270(11):6071–6080
van den Brink-Van Der Laan E, Killian JA, de Kruijff B (2004) Nonbilayer lipids affect peripheral and integral membrane proteins via changes in the lateral pressure profile. Biochim Biophys Acta 1666(1-2):275–288
van Golde LM, Oldenborg V, Post M, Batenburg JJ, Poorthuis BJ, Wirtz KW (1980) Phospholipid transfer proteins in rat lung. Identification of a protein specific for phosphatidylglycero. J Biol Chem 255(13):6011–6013
van Meer G, Voelker DR, Feigenson GW (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9(2):112–124
Vance JE (1990) Phospholipid synthesis in a membrane fraction associated with mitochondria. J Biol Chem 265(13):7248–7256
Vance JE (1991) Newly made phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are preferentially translocated between rat liver mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 266(1):89–97
Vance JE (2008) Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells: two metabolically related aminophospholipids. J Lipid Res 49(7):1377–1387
Vance DE (2013) Physiological roles of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831(3):626–632
Vance JE, Tasseva G (2013) Formation and function of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1831(3):543–554
Vartak R, Porras CA, Bai Y (2013) Respiratory supercomplexes: structure, function and assembly. Protein Cell 4(8):582–590
Voelker DR (1989) Phosphatidylserine translocation to the mitochondrion is an ATP-dependent process in permeabilized animal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(24):9921–9925
Vreken P, Valianpour F, Nijtmans LG, Grivell LA, Plecko B, Wanders RJ et al (2000) Defective remodeling of cardiolipin and phosphatidylglycerol in Barth syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 279(2):378–382
Wang WJ, Baez JM, Maurer R, Dansky HM, Cohen DE (2006) Homozygous disruption of Pctp modulates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. J Lipid Res 47(11):2400–2407
Wirtz KW (1991) Phospholipid transfer proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 60:73–99
Wittig I, Braun HP, Schagger H (2006) Blue native page. Nat Protoc 1(1):418–428
Wu WI, Voelker DR (2001) Characterization of phosphatidylserine transport to the locus of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase 2 in permeabilized yeast. J Biol Chem 276(10):7114–7121
Xu Y, Malhotra A, Ren M, Schlame M (2006) The enzymatic function of tafazzin. J Biol Chem 281(51):39217–39224
Yang CY, Frohman MA (2012) Mitochondria: signaling with phosphatidic acid. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 44(8):1346–1350
Zhang M, Mileykovskaya E, Dowhan W (2002) Gluing the respiratory chain together. Cardiolipin is required for supercomplex formation in the inner mitochondrial membrane. J Biol Chem 277(46):43553–43556
Zhang M, Mileykovskaya E, Dowhan W (2005) Cardiolipin is essential for organization of complexes III and IV into a supercomplex in intact yeast mitochondria. J Biol Chem 280(33):29403–29408
Zhang J, Guan Z, Murphy AN, Wiley SE, Perkins GA, Worby CA et al (2011a) Mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1 is essential for cardiolipin biosynthesis. Cell Metab 13(6):690–700
Zhang J, Guan Z, Murphy AN, Wiley SE, Perkins GA, Worby CA et al (2011b) Mitochondrial phosphatase PTPMT1 is essential for cardiolipin biosynthesis. Cell Metab 13(6):690–700
Zinser E, Sperka-Gottlieb CD, Fasch EV, Kohlwein SD, Paltauf F, Daum G (1991) Phospholipid synthesis and lipid composition of subcellular membranes in the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bacteriol 173(6):2026–2034
Acknowledgments
Supported by funding from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the National Sciences and Engineering Research Council. G.M.H. is the Canada Research Chair in Molecular Cardiolipin Metabolism. We thank Dr. Donald Smyth for critical reading of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mejia, E.M., Hatch, G.M. Mitochondrial phospholipids: role in mitochondrial function. J Bioenerg Biomembr 48, 99–112 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-015-9601-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10863-015-9601-4