Abstract
The polysaccharide κ-carrageenan was used in the production of macroporous composites containing nanosized hydroxyapatite, with potential application in bone tissue engineering. Biodegradable composite scaffolds were prepared combining in situ co-precipitation of calcium phosphates with a freeze-drying technique. The effect of the Ca/P molar ratio and total ceramic content on the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical performance of the scaffolds were investigated by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, FTIR, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, He porosimetry and compressive tests. A mixture of amorphous calcium phosphates and/or nanosized calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite was obtained in most of the composites. The formation of hydroxyapatite was induced by higher Ca/P ratios, probably due to competing reticulation of the biopolymer with calcium cations. The composite scaffolds presented interconnected pores (50–400 μm) and porosity around 97% and calcium phosphates were uniformly dispersed in the κ-carrageenan matrix. Both microstructure and compressive mechanical properties of the scaffolds were affected by the ceramic content and, for a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.67, maximum compressive strength was achieved for a ceramic content of ca. 25 wt%. Above this value the structural integrity of the composite was damaged and a dramatic decrease in mechanical strength was verified. Compressive mechanical properties of the composites were improved by increasing Ca/P atom ratio.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR (2006) Biomaterials 27:3413
Knowles JC (2003) J Mater Chem 13:2395
Legeros RC (1991) In: Calcium phosphate in oral biology and medicine, vol 15. Karger, New York
Ogiso M (1998) J Biomed Mater Res B 43:318
Hench LL (1991) J Am Ceram Soc 74:1487
Habal MB (1991) J Craniofac Surg 2:27
Klein CPAT, de Blieck-Hogerworst JMA, Wolke JGC, de Groot K (1990) Biomaterials 11:509
Yin Y, Ye F, Cui J, Zhang F, Li X, Yao K (2003) J Biomed Mater Res A 67:844
Zhao L, Chang J (2004) J Mater Sci-Mater M 15:625
Araújo JV, Lopes-da-Silva JA, Almeida MM, Costa MEV (2006) Mater Sci Forum 514–516:1005
Li Z, Yubao L, Aiping Y, Xuelin P, Xuejiang W, Xiang Z (2005) J Mater Sci-Mater M 16:213
Tormala P, Vainiopa S, Kilpikari J, Rokkanen P (1987) Biomaterials 8:42
Murphy WL, Kohn DH, Mooney DJ (2000) J Biomed Mater Res A 50:50
Du C, Cui FZ, Zhu XD, de Groot K (1999) J Biomed Mater Res A 44:407
Yaylaoglu MB, Korkusuz P, Ors U, Korkusuz F, Hasirci V (1999) Biomaterials 20:711
Lin H-R, Yeh YJ (2004) J Biomed Mater Res B 71B:52
Kong L, Gao Y, Cao W, Gong Y, Zhao N, Zhang X (2005) J Biomed Mater Res A 75:275
Lai VMF, Wong PA-L, Lii C-Y (2000) J Food Sci 65:1332
Michel A-S, Mestdagh MM, Axelos MAV (1997) Int J Biol Macromol 21:195
Mangione MR, Giacomazza D, Bulone D, Martorana V, Cavallaro G, San Biagio PL (2005) Biophys Chem 113:129
Piculell L (1995) In: Food polysaccharides and their applications. Marcel Dekker Incorporation, New York, pp 205–217
Garcia AM, Ghaly ES (1996) J Control Release 40:179
Bornhöft M, Thommes M, Kleinebudde P (2005) Eur J Pharm Biopharm 59:127
Naim S, Samuel B, Chauhan B, Paradkar A (2004) AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 5(2):article 25
Sen M, Avci EN (2005) J Biomed Mater Res A 74:187
Webster TJ, Ergun C, Doremus RH, Siegel RW, Bizios R (2000) Biomaterials 21:1803
Balasundaram G, Sato M, Webster TJ (2006) Biomaterials 27:2798
Rusu VM, Ng CH, Wilke M, Tiersch B, Fratzl P, Peter MG (2005) Biomaterials 26:5414
Rochas C, Rinaudo M, Landry S (1990) Carbohyd Polym 12:255
Macartain P, Jacquier JC, Dawson KA (2003) Carbohyd Polym 53:395
Sachlos E, Czernuszka JT (2003) Eur Cell Mater 5:29
Chen G, Ushida T, Tateishi T (2002) Macromol Biosci 2:67
Danilchenko SN, Kukharenko OG, Moseke C, Protsenko IY, Sukhodub LF, Sulkio-Cleff B (2002) Cryst Res Technol 37:1234
Landi E, Tampieri A, Celotti G, Sprio S (2000) J Eur Ceram Soc 20:2377
Gibson LJ, Ashby MF (1997) In: Cellular solids: structure and properties. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Verheyen CCPM, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA, de Groot K (1992) J Biomed Mater Res 26:1277
Elliot JC (1994) In: Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates: studies in inorganic chemistry, vol 18. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 43–44
Rey C, Frèche M, Heughebaert M, Heughebaert JC, Lacout JL, Lebugle A, Szilagyi J, Vignoles M (1991) Bioceramics 4:57
Zhang X, Li Y, Lv G, Zuo Y, Mu Y (2006) Polym Degrad Stabil 91:1202
Liao C-J, Lin F-H, Chen K-S, Sun J-S (1999) Biomaterials 20:1807
Prado-Fernandez J, Rodriguez-Vazquez JA, Tojo E, Andrade JM (2003) Anal Chim Acta 480:23
Andersson J, Areva S, Spliethoff B, Lindén M (2005) Biomaterials 26:6827
Krylova E, Ivanov A, Orlovski V, El-Registan G, Barinov SJ (2002) Mater Sci-Mater M 13:87
Perrin FX, Nguyen V, Vernet JL (2003) J Sol-Gel Sci Techn 28:205
Dorozhkin SV, Epple M (2002) Angew Chem Int Ed 41:3130
Gutowska A, Jeong B, Jasionowski M (2001) Anat Rec Part A 263:342
Zhang W, Piculell L, Nilsson S, Knutsen SH (1994) Carbohyd Polym 23:105
Hikichi K (1993) Polym Gels Networks 1:19
Hammond C (2001) In: The basis of crystallography and diffraction, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Zhang R, Ma PX (1999) J Biomed Mater Res A 44:446
Tampieri A, Celotti G, Landi E (2005) Anal Bioanal Chem 381:568
Klein CPAT, Driessen AA, de Groot K, van den Hoof A (1983) J Biomed Mater Res 17:769
Knoack D, Goad MEP, Aiolova M, Rey C, Tofighi A, Chakravarthy P, Lee DD (1998) J Biomed Mater Res B 43:399
Athanasiou KA, Zhu C-F, Lanctot DR, Agrawal CM, Wang X (2000) Tissue Eng 6:361
Yaszemski MJ, Payne RG, Hayes WC, Langer R, Mikos AG (1996) Biomaterials 17:175
Jing R, Hongfei H (2001) Eur Polym J 37:2413
Acknowledgements
The help of Dr. J. A. T. Lopes da Silva in the execution of the compressive mechanical tests and of Dr. D. Evtyugin in the determination of molecular weight of κ-carrageenan are gratefully acknowledged. A. L. Daniel da Silva thanks CICECO-Centro de Investigação em Materiais Cerâmicos e Compósitos, University of Aveiro, Portugal, for funding this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Daniel-da-Silva, A.L., Lopes, A.B., Gil, A.M. et al. Synthesis and characterization of porous κ-carrageenan/calcium phosphate nanocomposite scaffolds. J Mater Sci 42, 8581–8591 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1851-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1851-z