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Neuroinflammatory responses in Parkinson’s disease: relevance of Ibuprofen in therapeutics

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis inevitably involves neuroinflammatory responses attained through contribution of both neuron and glial cells. Investigation done in both experimental models of PD and in samples of PD patients suggested the involvement of both central and peripheral inflammatory responses during PD pathogenesis. Such neuroinflammatory responses could be regulated by neuron-glia interaction which is one of the recently focused areas in the field of disease diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapeutics. Such aggravated neuroinflammatory responses during PD are very well associated with augmented levels of cyclooxygenase (COX). An increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) with a concomitant increase in the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels has been observed during PD pathology. Ibuprofen is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and clinically being used for PD patients. This review focuses on the neuroinflammatory responses during PD pathology as well as the effect of ibuprofen on various disease related signaling factors and mechanisms involving nitrosative stress, neurotransmission, neuronal communication and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Such mechanistic effect of ibuprofen has been mostly reported in experimental models of PD and clinical investigations are still required. Since oxidative neuronal death is one of the major neurodegenerative mechanisms in PD, the antioxidant capacity of ibuprofen along with its antidepressant effects have also been discussed. This review will direct the readers towards fulfilling the existing gaps in the mechanistic aspect of ibuprofen and enhance its clinical relevance in PD therapeutics and probably in other age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

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Funding

Authors acknowledge Science and Engineering Research Board for sanctioning the fellowship grant (PDF/2017/000984) to support financially. We would like to acknowledge Indian Council of Medical Research for financial support (2016-0264/CMB/ADHOC-BMS).

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  1. Department of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, Division of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India

    Ashish Singh & Sarika Singh

  2. Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226031, India

    Pratibha Tripathi

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  1. Ashish Singh
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  2. Pratibha Tripathi
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  3. Sarika Singh
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AS wrote and designed the manuscript, PT wrote the manuscript. SS designed and critically reviewed the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sarika Singh.

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Singh, A., Tripathi, P. & Singh, S. Neuroinflammatory responses in Parkinson’s disease: relevance of Ibuprofen in therapeutics. Inflammopharmacol 29, 5–14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00764-w

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