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Ongoing ecological shifts in a large lake are driven by climate change and eutrophication: evidences from a three-decade study in Lake Garda

  • LARGE AND DEEP PERIALPINE LAKES
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Abstract

The long-term research carried out since the 1970s in the deep perialpine Lake Garda documented more than a threefold increase of total phosphorus (TP) in the whole water column until mid-2000s and a continuous warming. We evaluated the impact of these changes on phytoplankton, assessing similarities and peculiarities compared with other lakes. The increase of TP favoured cyanobacteria (microcystins producer Planktothrix rubescens (De Candolle ex Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek) and large diatoms. The warming of the lake caused a decrease in the frequency of full mixing episodes, which stopped completely after 2006, and a lower supply of nutrients to the upper layers. This “climate warming-induced oligotrophication” was mediated by the physiographic characteristics typical of deep lakes. The decrease of nutrients in the upper layers induced by the long period of incomplete mixing caused a decline of the mesotrophic P. rubescens, which was partially replaced by anatoxins producer Tychonema bourrellyi (J.W.G. Lund) Anagnostidis & Komárek. Lake warming favoured a higher development of mixotrophic dinoflagellates and cryptophytes. Many dinoflagellates are adapted to grow in warm and low nutrient lakes, therefore it is likely that the development of selected species will increase in large (meso-)oligotrophic lakes because of climate change.

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Acknowledgements

Investigations were carried out in the framework of the LTER (Long-Term Ecological Research) Italian network, site ‘‘Southern Alpine lakes’’, IT08-000-A (http://www.lteritalia.it/), with the support of the ARPA Veneto (G. Franzini and collaborators). We are grateful to our colleagues in FEM, in particular L. Ress, M. Tarter and A. Zampedri, for their support in the field and/or laboratory activities. Special thanks are due to G. Pellegrini of the Environmental Agency of Trento (APPA) for providing samples collected during the dinoflagellate blooms in summer 2015, and to G. Flaim (FEM), for providing help in the identification of Baldinia, and fruitful discussions on the taxonomy and distribution of dinoflagellates in N-Italy. The activity was supported by a PhD fellowship (FIRS > T) to C. Capelli from the E. Mach Foundation—Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all’Adige. We are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for valuable comments and suggestions on an earlier version of the manuscript.

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  1. Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all’Adige, Italy

    Nico Salmaso, Adriano Boscaini, Camilla Capelli & Leonardo Cerasino

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  1. Nico Salmaso
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  2. Adriano Boscaini
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  3. Camilla Capelli
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  4. Leonardo Cerasino
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Correspondence to Nico Salmaso.

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Guest editors: Nico Salmaso, Orlane Anneville, Dietmar Straile & Pierluigi Viaroli / Large and deep perialpine lakes: ecological functions and resource management

Electronic supplementary material

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10750_2017_3402_MOESM1_ESM.tiff

Supplementary material 1 (TIFF 98 kb). Supplementary Fig. 1. Long-term changes of the mean winter values (from December to February) of the East Atlantic pattern from 1951 to 2017. The years refer to the months of January and February, e.g. the 1951 average was computed including the EA values recorded in December 1950, and January and February 1951. The dashed-blue curve and the continuous-red line indicate the LOESS smoothing and the linear trend (Sen’s slope), respectively. The mean monthly East Atlantic pattern values were obtained from NOAA-CPC (www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov)

10750_2017_3402_MOESM2_ESM.tiff

Supplementary material 2 (TIFF 92 kb). Supplementary Fig. 2. Secchi disk depths measurements carried out in the shallower (maximum depth ca. 80 m) SE basin by Garbini (1897) between 1894 and 1896; measurements were made in correspondence of the villages of Peschiera, Garda and Sirmione, whereas in September (the single hollow blue circle) measurements were made in the deeper NW basin (Assenza); the values in March, July, August, September and December were obtained by averaging several measurements made by Garbini (1897) in the same month. By comparison, the graph reports corresponding measurements made at the station of Bardolino (located at the centre of the SE basin) in 2007 and 2008. Average ± SD of the three series of measurements are included in the legend

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Salmaso, N., Boscaini, A., Capelli, C. et al. Ongoing ecological shifts in a large lake are driven by climate change and eutrophication: evidences from a three-decade study in Lake Garda. Hydrobiologia 824, 177–195 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-017-3402-1

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