Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

A main effects meta principal components analysis of netting effects on fruit: using apple as a model crop

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Plant Growth Regulation Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To differentiate effects of netting and attribute them to crop, cultivar, planting density, climate, net type and colour, ca. 200 publications were scanned originally. Apple was chosen as a model crop due to the majority of reports, wide variation with many varieties and growing locations worldwide in the Northern and Southern hemisphere, but the results may be useful for other fruiting plants. After meeting strict selection criteria, a meta-analysis of 26 internationally published peer-reviewed articles was based on seven varieties and seventeen locations with a diverse range of climates. A novel Main Effects Meta Principal Components Analysis (ME Meta-PCA) was developed and provided unexpectedly uniform results: Location (climate), planting density and hail net (type and colour) had negligible impacts. Fruit (red) colour, most adversely affected by netting, correlated with TSS viz fruit sweetness, as often postulated in consumer studies, followed, to a smaller extent, by sugar/TSS, fruit firmness and acidity but small increase in fruit mass—i.e. maintenance of fruit quality under netting over all seven varieties (Braeburn, Gala, Elstar, Jonagold, Pinova and Fuji) examined and locations worldwide. While Jonagold and the early ripening Gala appeared suitable, unaffected and stable in the netting effects in the ME Meta-PCA, Pinova was the least suitable for cultivation under netting. Interestingly, late ripening cultivars (Braeburn and Cripps Pink) were both positively influenced by desired earlier ripening under netting. These effects on fruit quality are discussed with respect to shade adaptation under netting and countermeasures such as easy colouring mutants or reflective mulches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agarwal P, Jiwani G, Khurana A, Gupta P, Kumar R (2017) Ethylene and stress mediated signaling in plants: a molecular perspective. Mech Plant Horm Signal Stress 1:295–326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amarante CVT, Steffens CA, Miqueloto A, Zanardi OZ, Santos HP (2009) Disponibilidade de luz em macieiras “Fuji” cobertas com telas antigranizo e seus efeitos sobre a fotossíntese, o rendimento e a qualidade dos frutos. Rev Bras Frutic 31:664–670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asada T, Ogasawara M (1998) The effect of shading on the growth of young “Fuji” apple trees. J Japan Soc Hortic Sci 67:655–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai E, Li S, Xu W, Li W, Dai W, Jiang P (2013) A meta-analysis of experimental warming effects on terrestrial nitrogen pools and dynamics. New Phytol 199:431–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bisbis M, Gruda N, Blanke MM (2018) Impacts of climate change on vegetable production and produce quality—a review. J Cleaner Prod 170:1602–1630

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borcard D, Gillet F, Legendre P (2011) Numerical ecology with R. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7976-6

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bosancic B, Pecina M, Micic N (2017) Main effect meta principal component analysis (ME-meta-PCA) as the tool of choice for processing typical horticultural metadata. In: 23rd international scientific symposium on biometrics - BIOSTAT, Sibenik, Croatia. Available online https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/921174.BIOSTAT_2017_-BOOK_OF_ABSTRACTS.pdf

  • Brglez Sever M, Tojnko S, Unuk T (2015) Impact of various types of anti-hail nets on light exposure in orchards and quality parameters of apples? A review. Agricultura 12:25–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broberg CM, Högy P, Pleijel H (2017) CO2-induced changes in wheat grain composition: meta-analysis and response functions. Agronomy 7:32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen DD, Peace KE (2013) Applied meta-analysis with R. CRC Press, Taylor

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Coutinho JG da Garibaldi E, Viana LA BF (2018) The influence of local and landscape scale on single response traits in bees: a meta-analysis. Agric Ecosyst Environ 256:61–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis PS, Wang X (1998) A Meta-Analysis of elevated CO2 effects on woody plant mass, form, and physiology. Oecologia 113:299–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Demestihas C, Plénet D, Génard M, Raynal C, Lescourret F (2017) Ecosystem services in orchards. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 37

  • Ferree D, Warrington I (2003) Apples - botany, production and uses. CABI Wallingford, Oxford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher RA, Mackenzie WA (1923) The manurial response of different potato varieties. J Agric Sci 3:311–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flaishman MA, Peles Y, Dahan Y, Milo-Cochavi S, Frieman A, Naor A (2015) Differential response of cell-cycle and cell-expansion regulators to heat stress in apple (Malus domestica) fruitlets. Plant Sci 233:82–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich JO, Adhikari NKJ, Beyene J (2008) The ratio of means method as an alternative to mean differences for analyzing continuous outcome variables in meta-analysis: a simulation study. BMC Med Res Methodol 8:32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fu R, Vandermeer BW, Shamliyan TAMD, O’Neil ME, Yazdi FMS, Fox SHMD, Morton SCPD (2013) Methods guide for comparative effectiveness reviews handling continuous outcomes in quantitative synthesis (Rockville, MD: AHRQ Publication No. 13-EHC103-EF)

  • Germsek B, Unuk T (2014) Kakovost jabolk sort ‘Gala Brookfield’ in ‘Fuji Kiku 8’ pod in izven protitočne mreže. Acta Agric Slov 103:137–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamadziripi E, Muller M, Theron KJ, Steyn WJ (2014) Consumer preference for apple eating quality and taste in relation to canopy position. In: Proceedings ISHS Stellenbosch congress (K Theron, ed). Acta Horticulturae 1058:254–260

  • Hedges LV, Olkin I (1985) Statistical method for meta-analysis. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedges LV, Gurevitch J, Curtis PS, Jun N (1999) The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology 80:1150–1156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hotelling H (1933) Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components. J Educ Psychol 24:417–441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iezzoni AF, Pritts MP (1991) Applications of principal component analysis to horticultural research. HortScience 26:334–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias I, Alegre S (2006) The effect of anti-hail nets on fruit protection, radiation, temperature, quality and profitability of ‘Mondial Gala’ apples. J Appl Hortic 8:91–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JE (2003) Biology of apples and pears. Cambridge University Press, England

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kong X, Hu C, Duan Z (2017) Principal component analysis networks and algorithms. Science Press, Beijing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2915-8

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krasniqi AL, Damerow L, Kunz A, Blanke MM (2013) Quantifying key elicitors for alternate fruit bearing in cv. Elstar apple-invited review. Plant Sci 212:10–14

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legendre P, Legendre L (1988) Numerical ecology. Dev Environ Model 24:870

    Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Chen M, Zhang Y, Fu C, Xing B, Li W, Qian J, Li S, Wang H, Fan X et al (2015) Apple fruit diameter and length estimation by using the thermal and sunshine hours approach and its application to the digital orchard management information system. PLoS ONE 10:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • McCaskill MR, McClymont L, Goodwin I, Green S, Partington DL (2016) How hail netting reduces apple fruit surface temperature: a microclimate and modelling study. Agric For Meteorol 226–227:148–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton S, McWaters A (2002) Hail netting of apple orchards - the Australian experience. Compact Fruit Tree 35:51–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson K (1901) On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space. Philos Mag Ser 6(2):559–572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peres-Neto PR, Jackson DA, Somers KM (2003) Giving meaningful interpretation to ordination axes: assessing loading significance in principal component analysis. Ecology 84:2347–2363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittelkow CM, Liang X, Linquist B, van Groenigen KJ, Lee J, Lundy ME, van Gestel N, Six J, Venterea RT, van Kessel C (2014) Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature 517:365–367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potters G, Pasternak TP, Guisez Y, Jansen MAK (2009) Different stresses, similar morphogenic responses: integrating a plethora of pathways. Plant Cell Environ 32:158–169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qin W, Hu C, Oenema O (2015) Soil mulching significantly enhances yields and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of maize and wheat: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 5:16210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson T, Hoying S, Sazo M, DeMarree A, Dominguez L (2013) A vision for apple orchard systems of the future. New York Fruit Q 21:11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Romo-Chacon A, Orozco-Avitia JA, Gardea AA, Guerrfro-Prieto V, Soto-Parr JM (2007) Hail net effect on photosynthetic rate and fruit color developent of ‘Starkrimson’ apple trees. J Am Pomol Soc 61:174–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Salopek-Sondi B, Pavlovic I, Smolka A, Samec D (2017) Auxin as a mediator of abiotic stress responses. In: Pandey G (ed) Mechanisms of plant hormone signalling under stress, vol 1. Wiley, New York, pp 3–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Saudreau M, Marquier A, Adam B, Sinoquet H (2011) Modelling fruit-temperature dynamics within apple tree crowns using virtual plants. Ann Bot 108:1111–1120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savada RP, Ozga JA, Jayasinghege CPA, Waduthanthri KD, Reinecke DM (2017) Heat stress differentially modifies ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in pea floral and fruit tissues. Plant Mol Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-017-0653-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer G, Carpenter JR, Rücker G (2015) Meta-analysis with R. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Solomakhin AA, Blanke MM (2007) Overcoming adverse effects of hailnets on fruit quality and microclimate in an apple orchard. J Sci Food Agric 87:2625–2637

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomakhin AA, Blanke MM (2008) Coloured hailnets alter light transmission, light spectra, phytochrome as well as vegetative growth, leaf chlorophyll and photosynthesis and reduce flower induction in apple. Plant Growth Regul 56:211–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomakhin AA, Blanke MM (2010) The microclimate under coloured hailnets affects leaf and fruit temperature, leaf anatomy, vegetative and reproductive growth as well as fruit colouration in apple. Ann Appl Biol 156:121–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stampar F, Hudina M, Usenik V, Sturm K, Zadravec P (2001) Influence of black and white nets on photosynthesis, yield and fruit quality of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Acta Hortic 557:357–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanivuković S, Žujić M, Žabić M, Mićić N, Bosančić B, Durić G (2017) Characterization of old apple cultivars from Bosnia and Herzegovina by means of pomological and biochemical analysis. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj-Napoca 45:97–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Groenigen JW, Lubbers IM, Vos HMJ, Brown GG, De Deyn GB, van Groenigen KJ (2014) Earthworms increase plant production: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 4:6365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vidal R, Ma Y, Sastry SS (2016) Generalized principal component analysis. Springer Publisher, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Webb L, Darbyshire R, Erwin T, Goodwin I (2017) A robust impact assessment that informs actionable climate change adaptation: future sunburn browning risk in apple. Int J Biometeorol 61:891–901

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeller G, Henz SR, Widmer CK, Sachsenberg T, Rätsch G, Weigel D, Laubinger S (2009) Stress-induced changes in the Arabidopsis thaliana transcriptome analyzed using whole-genome tiling arrays. Plant J 58:1068–1082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Q, Guo HW (2011) Paradigms and paradox in the ethylene signaling pathway and interaction network. Mol Plant 4:626–634

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Professor Lynne Billard, University of Georgia, former president of the International Biometrical Society and American Statistical Association for help with and validation of the new ME-Meta PCA and Achim Kunz, CKA Klein-Altendorf for integrating his expertise of apple cultivation under hail nets into the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Michael Blanke.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bosančić, B., Mićić, N., Blanke, M. et al. A main effects meta principal components analysis of netting effects on fruit: using apple as a model crop. Plant Growth Regul 86, 455–464 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0443-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-018-0443-z

Keywords

Navigation