Abstract
The seedling development and physiological responses of Iris pseudacorus L. to Pb and Cd and their combination were studied for 28 days liquid culture and sub-cellular localization of Pb and Cd in the root tip cells treated with 2,070 mg L−1 Pb and 1,000 mg L−1Cd for 16 days sand culture was evaluated. Results showed that the dry weights (DWs) of shoots and roots of I. pseudacorus were significantly decreased at 500 mg L−1Pb and 25 mg L−1Cd + 500 mg L−1Pb treatments and the root DWs under all treatments were significantly decreased in comparison with that of control. The concentrations of Chla in the leaves were decreased at all treatments, while, the concentrations of Chlb and total carotenoids were not significantly decreased under 25 mg L−1Cd and 25 mg L−1Cd + 500 mg L−1Pb treatments. The MDA and proline concentrations and POD activities in the shoots and roots were increased under treatments of 500 mg L−1Pb and 25 mg L−1Cd + 500 mg L−1Pb, but POD activities in the shoots and roots and MDA concentrations in the shoots were significantly decreased at 25 mg L−1 Cd treatment. The results of sub-cellular localization of Pb and Cd showed that numerous Pb deposits were found on the inner surface of died cell walls in the cortex treated with 2,070 mg L−1 Pb and Cd deposits were found in the cell wall treated with 1,000 mg L−1 Cd. Pb and Cd deposits were not found in the cytoplasm. The results indicated that POD and proline showed strong beneficial properties against Pb and Cd stress and there were some mechanisms keeping most cells with normal activities in the plant from Pb toxicity by sacrificing a few cells that accumulated a large amount Pb. Sub-cellular localizations of Pb and Cd in the root tip cells of I. pseudacorus were little difference with the localizations in other species of Iris in the previous studies.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ali MB, Vijpayee P, Tripathi RD, Rai UN, Singh SN, Singh PS (2003) Phytoremediation of lead, nickel, and copper by Salix acmophylla Boiss.: role of antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant substances. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:462–469
Ansola G, Fernández C, Luis ED (1995) Removal of organic matter and nutrients from urban wastewater by using an experimental emergent aquatic macrophyte system. Ecol Eng 5:13–19
Balestrasse KB, Gallego SM, Benavides MP, Tomaro ML (2005) Polyamines and proline are affected by cadmium stress in nodules and roots of soybean plants. Plant Soil 270:343–353
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207
Bhattacharya T, Banerjee DK, Gopal B (2006) Heavy metal uptake by Scirpus littoralis Schrad. From fly ash dosed and metal spiked soils. Environ Monit Assess 121:363–380
Burzyski M, Kobus G (2004) Changes of photosynthetic parameters in cucumber leaves under Cu, Cd, and Pb stress. Photosynthetica 42(4):505–510
Demirezen D, Aksoy A (2004) Accumulation of heavy metals in Typha angustifolia (L.) and Potamogeton pectinatus (L.) living in Sultan Marsh (Kayseri, Turkey). Chemosphere 56:685–696
Ewais EA (1997) Effects of cadmium, nickel and lead on growth, chlorophyll content and proteins of weeds. Biol Plantarum 39(3):403–410
Guo TR, Zhang GP, Zhou MX, Wu FB, Chen JX (2004) Effects of aluminum and cadmium toxicity on growth and antioxidant enzyme activities of two barley genotypes with different Al resistance. Plant Soil 258:241–248
Han YL (2007) Lead accumulation, tolerance and potential remediation for lead contaminated soils in some species of Iris L. Doctoral dissertation, Nanjing Agricultural University (in Chinese)
Han YL (2008) Effects of Pb and NaCl on the growth and physiological response of Iris halophyila. Acta Bot Boreal Occident Sin 28:1649–1653 (in Chinese)
Han YL, Yuan HY, Huang SZ, Guo Z, Xia B, Gu JG (2007) Cadmium tolerance and accumulation by two species of Iris. Ecotoxicology 16:557–563
Han YL, Huang SZ, Gu JG, Qiu S, Chen JM (2008) Tolerance and accumulation of lead by species of Iris L. Ecotoxicology 17:853–859
Hu JZ, Shi GX, Xu QS, Wang X, Yuan QH, Du KH (2007) Effects of Pb2+ on the active oxygen-scavenging enzyme activities and ultrastructure in Potamogeton crispus leaves. Russ J Plant Physiol 54:414–419
Huang SZ, Han YL, Xie MY (2003) The studies and exploitation of Chinese ornamental Iris resources. Chin Wild Plant Res 22:4–7 (in Chinese)
Huang SZ, Yuan HY, Sun YD, Han YL (2008) Effects of applying organic acids on Cd and Cu accumulation and physiological characteristics of Iris pseudacorus L. Chin J Ecol 27:1181–1186 (in Chinese)
Issa AA, Abdel-Basset R, Adam MS (1995) Abolition of heavy metal toxicity on Kirchneriella lunaris (chlorophyta) by calcium. Ann Bot (Lond) 75:189–192
Koretsky CM, Haveman M, Beuving L, Cuellar A, Shattuck T, Wagner M (2007) Spatial variation of redox and trace metal geochemistry in a minerotrophic fen. Biogeochemistry 86:33–62
Kosobrukhov A, Knyazeva I, Mudrik V (2004) Plantago major plants responses to increase content of lead in soil: growth and photosynthesis. Plant Growth Regul 42:145–151
Lagriffoul A, Mocquot B, Mench M, Vangronsveld J (1998) Cadmium toxicity effects on growth, mineral and chlorophyll contents, and activities of stress related enzymes in young maize plants (Zea mays L.). Plant Soil 200(2):241–250
Lichtenthaler HK (1987) Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic membranes. In: Packer L, Douce R (eds) Methods in enzymology. Academic Press, New York, pp 350–382
Morse JW, Luther GW (1999) Chemical influences on trace metal–sulfide interactions in anoxic sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 63:3373–3378
Qureshi MI, Abdin MZ, Qadir S, Iqbal M (2007) Lead-induced oxidative stress and metabolic alterations in Cassia angustifolia Vahl. Biol Plantarum 51:121–128
Roy S, Labelle S, Mahta P, Mihoc A, Fortin N, Masson C, Leblanc R, Chateauneuf G, Sura C, Gallipeau C, Olsen C, Delisle S, Labrecque M, Greer CW (2005) Phytoremediation of heavy metal and PAH-contaminated brown field sites. Plant Soil 272:277–290
Sahi SV, Bryant NL, Sharma NC, Sinch SR (2002) Characterization of a lead hyperaccumulator shrub Sesbania drummondii. Environ Sci Technol 36:4676–4680
Salt DE, Smith RD, Raskin I (1998) Phytoremediation. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:643–668
Samardakiewicz S, Woz′ny A (2000) The distribution of lead in duckweed (Lemna minor L.) root tip. Plant Soil 226:107–111
SAS Institute Inc. (1994) SAS/STAT User’s Guide, version 6, 4th edn. SAS Institute Inc, Cary (4th Printing)
Sayed SA (1999) Effects of lead and kinetin on the growth, and some physiological components of safflower. Plant Growth Regul 29:167–174
Scebba F, Arduini I, Ercoli L, Sebastiani L (2006) Cadmium effects on growth and antioxidant enzymes activities in Miscanthus sinensis. Biol Plant 50:688–692
Shibata M, Konno T, Akaike R, Xu Y, Shen RF, Ma JF (2007) Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil with polymer-coated EDTA. Plant Soil 290:201–208
Singh RP, Tripathi RD, Rizvi SMH, Ali MB, Sinha SK, Gupta DK, Mishra S, Rai UN (2003) Effect of lead on growth and nitrate assimilation of Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek seedlings in a salt affected environment. Chemosphere 52:1245–1250
Smirnoff N (1993) The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. New Phytol 125:27–58
Sridhar BBM, Diehl SV, Han FX, Monts DL, Su Y (2005) Anatomical changes due to uptake and accumulation of Zn and Cd in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea). Environ Exp Bot 54:131–141
Weckx J, Clijsters H (1996) Oxidative damage and deference mechanisms in primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol Plant 96:506–551
Yu XZ, Gu JD (2006) Accumulation and distribution of trivalent chromium and effects on metabolism of the hybrid willow Salix matsudana Koidz × alba L. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 52:503–511
Yu XZ, Gu J-D (2007) Metabolic responses of weeping willows to selenate and selenite. Environ Sci Pollut Res 14:510–517
Acknowledgments
Project financially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30771520) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (No. 2008GZN0064).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhou, YQ., Huang, SZ., Yu, SL. et al. The physiological response and sub-cellular localization of lead and cadmium in Iris pseudacorus L.. Ecotoxicology 19, 69–76 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0389-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0389-z