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Waste management in recirculating aquaculture system through bacteria dissimilation and plant assimilation

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Abstract

Wastewater management and disposal in aquaculture is becoming increasingly important due to stringent water regulations regarding waste discharges into natural water systems. Recirculation aquaculture is one of the technologies designed to reduce waste discharge through the nitrification process. However, nitrification results in nitrate accumulation which is normally reduced by dilution through water exchange. Water exchange is only possible with sufficient water. Although nitrification is a conventional process, it has limitations because the autotrophic bacteria require long start-up and multiplication periods. The nitrifiers require high levels of oxygen with relatively higher aeration costs. Moreover, the bacteria are sensitive to rapid changes in pH, temperature, and flow rate. Denitrification can be a solution to the limitations of nitrification since denitrifiers are most abundant in the natural environment and have higher growth rates than nitrifiers. In addition, the process reduces energy costs since there is no need for aeration, water consumption is also reduced drastically since water exchange is minimized. Organic loading can be reduced when fish waste is utilized as a carbon source. An alternative process to manage aquaculture wastes is through anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), where ammonia and nitrite are converted into nitrogen gas. Anammox can efficiently reduce ammonia and nitrites from culture water, but it has not received wide application in aquaculture. Aquaculture wastewater contains nutrients which are essential for plant growth. The plants maintain good water quality by absorbing the dissolved nutrients. Denitrification, anammox, and nutrient uptake by plants are feasible strategies to reduce wastes from aquaculture effluents.

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Funding

This review is a product of the STRECAFISH project, “Strengthening regional capacity in research and training in fisheries and aquaculture for improved food security and livelihoods in Eastern Africa.” The authors are grateful to the Austrian Partnership Programme in Higher Education and Research for Development (APPEAR), a program of the Austrian Development Cooperation (ADC) and implemented by the Austrian Agency for International Cooperation in Education and Research (OeAD) for financial support.

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  1. Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management (IHG), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33/DG, 1180, Vienna, Austria

    Zipporah Moraa Gichana, Herwig Waidbacher, Werner Zollitsch & Silke Drexler

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya

    David Liti

  3. Department of Botany, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya

    Joseph Waikibia

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  1. Zipporah Moraa Gichana
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Correspondence to Zipporah Moraa Gichana.

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Gichana, Z.M., Liti, D., Waidbacher, H. et al. Waste management in recirculating aquaculture system through bacteria dissimilation and plant assimilation. Aquacult Int 26, 1541–1572 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0303-x

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