Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Evaluation of different hydroponic media for mint (Mentha arvensis) with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles in an aquaponic system

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Three hydroponic media crushed stones (T1), river stones (T2), and floating raft (T3) were compared in an aquaponic system with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and mint (Mentha arvensis). Fish effluents were used as plant nutrients while plants filtered water by stripping off the nutrients before returning to the fish tank. Fish growth, plant growth, and water quality parameters were used to evaluate the suitability of three different media. Growth performance of common carp and mint followed the relationship of crushed stones > floating raft > river stones with significant difference observed among all treatments. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal varied significantly among different treatments. The maximum TAN removal was observed in T1 (77.13%) followed by T3 (69.65%), and the minimum removal was observed in T2 (48.82%). Nitrate removal varied significantly among different treatments. The highest removal was observed in T1 (82.95%) followed by T3 (68.04%) and T2 (59.51%). Removal of phosphate was significantly lower in T2 (50.12%) when compared to T1 (67.85%) and T3 (70.71%). Biofilter performance (g m−3 day−1) of T2 (4.80) was significantly lower compared to T1 (7.13) and T3 (7.37). Crushed stone and floating raft were significantly efficient when compared to river stone medium in terms of nutrient removal and water quality maintenance for the fish culture. Considering all growth parameters, crushed stone media proved to be better when compared to other two media. Thus, medium selection could be a considerable factor when designing an aquaponic system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adler PR, Harper JK, Takeda F, Wade EM, Summerfelt ST (2000) Economic evaluation of hydroponics and other treatment options for phosphorus removal in aquaculture effluents. Horticulture Science 35(6):993–999

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Hafedh YS, Alam A, Beltagi MS (2008) Food production and water conservation in a recirculating aquaponic system in Saudi Arabia at different ratios of fish feed to plants. J World Aquaculture Society J39(4):510–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • APHA (2005) Standards methods for the examination of water and waste water, 21st edn Washington D. C

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohl M (1977) Some initial aquaculture experiments in recirculating water systems. Aquaculture 11:323–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buzby KM, Lin LS (2014) Scaling aquaponic systems: balancing plant uptake with fish output. Aquac Eng 63:39–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins M, Gratzek J, Shotts E Jr, Dawe D, Campbell L, Senn D (1975) Nitrification in an aquatic recirculating system. J Fish Res Board Can 32:2025–2031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dediu L, Cristea V, Xiaoshuan Z (2012) Waste production and valorization in an integrated aquaponic system with bester and lettuce. African J Biotechnology 11(9):2349–2358

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diver S (2006) Aquaponics-integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dontje JH, Clanton CJ (1999) Nutrient fate in aquaculture systems for waste treatment. Trans Am Soc Agric Eng 42(4):1073–1085

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endut A, Jusoh A, Ali N, Wan Nik WB, Hassan A (2010) A study on the optimal hydraulic loading rate and plant ratios in recirculation aquaponic system. Bioresour Technol 101:1511–1517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endut A, Jusoh A, Ali N, Wan Nik WNS, Hassan A (2009) Effect of flow rate on water quality parameters and plant growth of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in an aquaponic recirculating system. Desalin Water Treat 5:19–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco-Nava MV, Blancheton JP, Deviller G, Charrier A, Le-Gall JY (2004) Effect of fish size and hydraulic regime on particulate organic matter dynamics in a recirculating aquaculture system, elemental carbon and nitrogen approach. Aquaculture 239:179–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghaly AE, Kamal M, Mahmoud NS (2005) Phytoremediation of aquaculture wastewater for water recycling and production of fish feed. Environ Int 31:1–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graves CJ (1993) The nutrient film technique. Horticult Rev 5:1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamlin HJ (2006) Nitrate toxicity in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). Aquaculture 253(1–4):688–693

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain T, Verma AK, Tiwari VK, Prakash C, Rathore G, Shete AP, Saharan N (2015) Effect of water flow rates on growth of Cyprinus carpio var. koi (Cyprinus carpio L, 1758) and spinach plant in aquaponic system. Aquac Int 23:369–384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain T, Verma AK, Tiwari VK, Prakash C, Rathore G, Shete AP, KKT N (2014) Optimizing koi carp, Cyprinus carpio var. Koi (Linnaeus, 1758), stocking density and nutrient recycling with spinach in an aquaponic system. J World Aquaculture Society 45(6):652–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lennard WA, Leonard BV (2004) A comparison of reciprocating flow versus constant flow in an integrated, gravel bed, aquaponic test system. Aquac Int 12(6):539–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lennard WA, Leonard BV (2006) A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquac Int 14:539–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis WM, Yopp JH, Schramm HL, Brandenburg AM (1978) Use of hydroponics to maintain quality of recirculated water in a fish culture system. Transaction of the American Fisheries Society 107(1):92–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao P, Mayo R (1974) Intensified fish culture combining water reconditioning with pollution abatement. Aquaculture 3:61–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YF, Jing SR, Lee DY, Wang TW (2002) Nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater using a constructed wetlands system. Aquaculture 209:169–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masser MP, Rakocy J, Losordo TM (1999) Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems—management of recirculating systems. SRAC Publication No. 452 USDA, pp. 12.

  • McMurtry MR, Sanders DC, Cure JD, Hodson RG, Haning BC, St. Amand PC (1997) Efficiency of water use of an integrated fish/vegetable co-culture system. J World Aquaculture Society 28:420–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry MR, Sanders DC, Patterson RP, Nash A (1993) Yield of tomato irrigated with recirculating aquaculture water. J Prod Agric 6:429–432

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naegel LCA (1977) Combined production of fish and plants in recirculating water. Aquaculture 10:17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neocleous D, Polycarpou P (2010) Gravel for soilless tomato culture in the Mediterranean region. International J Vegetable Science 16(2):148–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nijhof M, Bovendeur J (1995) Fixed film nitrification characteristics in sea water recirculation fish culture systems. Aquaculture 87(2):133–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nuwansi KKT, Verma AK, Prakash C, Tiwari VK, Chandrakant MH, Shete AP, Prabhath GPWA (2015) Effect of water flow rate on polyculture of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio var. koi) and goldfish (Carassius auratus) with water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in recirculating aquaponic system. Aquac Int 24:385–393

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rakocy JE (1995) Aquaponics: the integration of fish and vegetables culture in recirculating system. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the Caribbean Food Crops Society (ed. Palada M. C. and Clarke, C. C). University of Virgin Islands COOP Extension Service, St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, USA, pp 101–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakocy JE (1999) The status of aquaponics. Part 2. Aquac Mag 25:64–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakocy JE, Bailey DS, Shultz C, Thoman ES (2004) Update on tilapia and vegetable production in the uvi aquaponic system. University of the Virgin islands Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingshill, USA, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Rakocy JE, Hargreaves JA (1993) Integration of vegetable hydroponics with fish culture. In: Techniques for modern aquaculture (ed. Wang, J. K.)St. Joseph, Mi-USA, American Society of Agricultural Engineers 112–136.

  • Rakocy JE, Hargreaves JA, Bailey DS (2006) Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: aquaponics—integrating fish and plant culture. SRAC Publication, 454 USDA.

  • Rijn JV (1995) The potential for integrated biological treatment systems in recirculating fish culture—a review. Aquaculture 139:181–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roque d’Orbcastel E, Person-Le-Ruyet J, Le Bayon N, Blancheton JP (2009) Comparative growth and welfare in rainbow trout reared in recirculating and flow through rearing system. Aquaculture Engineering 40:79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rychly J (1980) Nitrogen balance in trout II. Nitrogen excretion and retention after feeding diets with varying protein and carbohydrate levels. Aquaculture 20:343–350

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salam M, Asadujjaman M, Rahman MS (2013) Aquaponics for improving high density fish pond water quality through raft and rack vegetable production. World J Fish and Marine Sciences 5(3):251–256

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seawright DE, Stickney RR, Walker RB (1998) Nutrient dynamics in integrated aquaculture- hydroponics systems. Aquaculture 160:215–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shete AP, Verma AK, Kohli MPS, Dash P, Tandel RS (2013) Optimization of stocking density for goldfish, Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) under aquaponic system. The Israeli J Aquaculture–Bamidgeh IJA_65.2013.910, pp. 7.

  • Shete AP, Verma AK, Tandel RS, Prakash C, Tiwari VK, Hussain T (2014) Optimization of water circulation period for the culture of goldfish with spinach in aquaponic system. J Agricultural Sci 5(4):26–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Sikawa DC, Yakupitiyage A (2010) The hydroponic production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) by using hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus X C. gariepinus) pond water: potentials and constraints. Agric Water Manag 97:1317–1325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sneed K, Allen K, Ellis J (1975) Fish farming and hydroponics. Aquac Fish Farmer 2:18–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton RJ, Lewis WM (1982) Further observations on a fish production system that incorporates hydroponically grown plants. The Progressive Fish-Culturist 44(1):55–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyson RV, Simonne EH, White JM, Lamb EM (2004) Reconciling water quality parameters impacting nitrification in aquaponics: the pH levels. Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 117:79–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Watten BJ, Busch RL (1984) Tropical production of tilapia (Sarotherodon aurea) and tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) in a small scale recirculating water system. Aquaculture 41:271–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wurts WA (1993) Understanding water hardness. World Aquaculture 24(5):18–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Wurts WA, Durborow RM (1992) Interactions of pH, carbon dioxide, alkalinity and hardness in fish ponds. SRAC Publication 464:1–4

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank the Director/Vice-Chancellor, ICAR—Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India, for supporting this study technically and financially.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Panch Marg, Yari Road, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, India

    A.P. Shete, A.K. Verma, N. K. Chadha, Chandra Prakash, M.H. Chandrakant & K. K. T. Nuwansi

Authors
  1. A.P. Shete
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. A.K. Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. N. K. Chadha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Chandra Prakash
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M.H. Chandrakant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. K. K. T. Nuwansi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A.K. Verma.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Shete, A., Verma, A., Chadha, N.K. et al. Evaluation of different hydroponic media for mint (Mentha arvensis) with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles in an aquaponic system. Aquacult Int 25, 1291–1301 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0114-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0114-5

Key words

Search

Navigation