Abstract
Water pollution and fossil fuels are major issues in the context of climate change. Photocatalysis research is rising to develop green technologies for the remediation of pollutants and for energy production. Photocatalysis converts the light energy as photons into chemical energy using semiconducting materials. Different methods are utilised to synthesise these photocatalytic materials. Metal and coupled metal frameworks are applied for the production of photocatalytic materials. Here we review the synthesis and applications of photocatalysts for environmental decontamination and for production of biodiesel, methanol and hydrogen. Pollutants include dyes, pesticides, herbicides, phenols and antibiotics.
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Abbreviations
- 3D Fe2O3 :
-
Three-dimensional ferric oxide
- As(V):
-
Arsenate
- Cr(VI):
-
Hexavalent chromium
- Na2HAsO4·7H2O:
-
Disodium hydrogen arsenate heptahydrate
- K2Cr2O7 :
-
Potassium dichromate
- PAEC:
-
Plasma atomic emission spectroscopy
- Fe2O3 :
-
Ferric oxide
- TiO2 :
-
Titanium dioxide
- ZnO:
-
Zinc oxide
- CuCo2S4 :
-
Copper cobalt sulphide
- MoSe2/BiVo4 :
-
Molybdenum diselenide/bismuth vanadate
- Bi(NO3)3.H2O:
-
Bismuth(III) nitrate monohydrate
- NH4VO3 :
-
Ammonium metavanadate
- CO2 :
-
Carbon dioxide
- Cu2+ :
-
Copper(II) ion
- Zn2+ :
-
Zinc(II) ion
- Ni2+ :
-
Nickel(II) ion
- Pb2+ :
-
Lead(II) ion
- Cu(NO3)·3H2O:
-
Copper(II) nitrate trihydrate
- Zn(NO3)2·6H2O:
-
Zinc nitrate hexahydrate
- Ni(NO3)2·6H2O:
-
Nickel(II) nitrate hexahydrate
- Pb(NO3)2 :
-
Lead(II) nitrate
- pH:
-
Potential of hydrogen
- HNO3 :
-
Nitric acid
- Rh–Sb TiO2 :
-
Rhodium and antimony co-doped titanium dioxide
- RS-TONR/TNT:
-
Rhodium/antimony co-doped titanium oxide nanorod and titanate nanotube
- Cr(III):
-
Trivalent chromium
- Bi(NO3)3 :
-
Bismuth(III) nitrate
- Na2WO4 :
-
Sodium tungstate
- AgIn5S8 :
-
Silver indium sulphide
- Bi2WO6 :
-
Bismuth tungstate
- FeS2 :
-
Iron disulphide
- BiOCl–Ag–AgBr:
-
Bismuth oxychloride silver bromide
- BiOCl:
-
Bismuth oxychloride
- NaFeS2 :
-
Sodium iron disulphide
- NaNO3 :
-
Sodium nitrate
- TiO2 QD:
-
Titanium oxide quantum dots
- Cu2O NPs:
-
Copper oxide nanoparticles
- Cu2O:
-
Cuprous oxide
- Cu(NO3):
-
Copper(I) nitrate
- TiO2/MoS2 :
-
Titanium oxide molybdenum sulphide
- TiCl4 :
-
Titanium tetrachloride
- MoS2 :
-
Molybdenum sulphide
- Sm@POA–TP:
-
Samarium codoped poly o-anisidine titanium phosphate
- POA–TP:
-
Poly o-anisidine titanium phosphate
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- ZnS:
-
Zinc sulphide
- CTAB:
-
Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
- NH3OH:
-
Ammonium hydroxide
- MCM-41:
-
Mobil composition of matter 41
- Co(NO3)2·H2O:
-
Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate
- HPLC:
-
High pressure liquid chromatography
- Co3O4/SF–MCM-41:
-
Cobalt tetraoxide silica fume Mobile composition of matter 41
- TNP–Pd–Fe3O4/GO:
-
Titanium nanoplate palladium-doped ferric oxide graphene oxide
- Fe3O4 :
-
Ferrosoferric oxide
- SO4 2− :
-
Sulphate
- PO4 3− :
-
Phosphate
- Pt/TiO2 :
-
Platinum-doped titanium dioxide
- 2,4 DP:
-
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- Pd–WO3 :
-
Palladium tungsten oxide
- BiOBr/Fe3O4 :
-
Bismuth oxybromide-doped ferric oxide
- Ag@TiO2 :
-
Silver titanium dioxide
- SnO2 :
-
Tin dioxide
- Sb–SnO2 :
-
Antimony-doped tin dioxide
- Ag3PO4-BiOCl1−xBrx :
-
Trisilver phosphate-doped bismuth oxychloride bromide
- CM-n-TiO2 :
-
Carbon-modified titanium dioxide
- Ag/TiO2 :
-
Silver/Titanium oxide
- Ni–CuO:
-
Nickel-doped copper oxide
- Cu·Cr2O4 :
-
Copper chromite
- NiCuO:
-
Nickel-doped copper oxide
- NiCrO:
-
Nickel-doped chromium oxide
- CuCrO:
-
Copper-doped chromium oxide
- IO K-CN:
-
Hypoiodite potassium-doped carbon nitride
- IO CN:
-
Hypoiodite-doped carbon nitride
- N,S-CQD:
-
N,S-doped carbon quantum dot
- ZnO/N,S-CQDs:
-
Zinc oxide N,S-doped carbon quantum dot
- ZnSnO3 :
-
Zinc stannate
- NaOH:
-
Sodium hydroxide
- ZnSn(OH)6 :
-
Tin zinc hydroxide
- Ag2O/Bi12GeO20 :
-
Silver oxide-doped bismuth germanium oxide
- AgNO3 :
-
Silver nitrate
- FeOOH:
-
Ferric hydroxide oxide
- CoPc–COOH:
-
Cobalt phthalocyanine tetracarboxylic acid
- g-C3N4 :
-
Graphitic carbon nitride
- CdIn2S4 :
-
Cadmium indium sulphide
- CdInS4/mpg-C3N4 :
-
Cadmium indium sulphide-doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride
- RGO:
-
Reduced graphene oxide
- NiO–TiO2 :
-
Nickel oxide-doped titanium dioxide
- PyCOOH:
-
Pyrene-1-carboxylic acid
- CaO/TiO2 :
-
Calcium oxide-titanium dioxide
- ZnO/SiO2 :
-
Zinc oxide-doped silicon dioxide
- Cr/SiO2 :
-
Chromium-doped silicon dioxide
- TiCl2 :
-
Titanium chloride
- GCMS:
-
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry
- CZTS:
-
Copper zinc tin sulphide
- CNT–Pt/TiO2 :
-
Carbon nanotube platinum-doped titanium dioxide
- ZnFe2O4 :
-
Zinc ferrite
- JNHP:
-
Janus nanofibre heterojunction photocatalyst
- ZnAl-LDH:
-
Zinc aluminium-layered double hydroxide
- Ni3B/Ni (OH)2 :
-
Nickel boride nickel hydroxide
- Y3Al5O12@Nb2O5/In2O3 :
-
Yttrium aluminium oxide-doped niobium pentoxide indium(III) oxide
- Au/TiO2 :
-
Gold-doped titanium dioxide
- Cl-Ta2O5-x:
-
Chlorine doping tantalum oxide
- MoO3@MoS2/TiO2 :
-
Molybdenum trioxide-coated molybdenum disulphide-doped titanium dioxide
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Saravanan, A., Kumar, P.S., Vo, DV.N. et al. Photocatalysis for removal of environmental pollutants and fuel production: a review. Environ Chem Lett 19, 441–463 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01077-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-020-01077-8