Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cytoskeletal organization during xylem cell differentiation

  • JPR Symposium
  • Published:
Journal of Plant Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The water and mineral conductive tube, the xylem vessel and tracheid, is a highly conspicuous tissue due to its elaborately patterned secondary-wall deposition. One constituent of the xylem vessel and tracheid, the tracheary element, is an empty dead cell that develops secondary walls in the elaborate patterns. The wall pattern is appropriately regulated according to the developmental stage of the plant. The cytoskeleton is an essential component of this regulation. In fact, the cortical microtubule is well known to participate in patterned secondary cell wall formation. The dynamic rearrangement of the microtubules and actin filaments have also been recognized in the cultured cells differentiating into tracheary elements in vitro. There has recently been considerable progress in our understanding of the dynamics and regulation of cortical microtubules, and several plant microtubule associated proteins have been identified and characterized. The microtubules have been observed during tracheary element differentiation in living Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Based on this recently acquired information on the plant cytoskeleton and tracheary element differentiation, this review discusses the role of the cytoskeleton in secondary cell wall formation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baskin TI (2001) On the alignment of cellulose microfibrils by cortical microtubules: a review and a model. Protoplasma 215:150–171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bichet A, Desnos T, Turner S, Grandjean O, Hofte H (2001) BOTERO1 is required for normal orientation of cortical microtubules and anisotropic cell expansion in Arabidopsis. Plant J 25:137–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bierhorst DW, Zamora PM (1965) Primary xylem elements and element associations of angiosperms. Am J Bot 52:657–710

    Google Scholar 

  • Blancaflor BE, Hasenstein KH (2000) Methods for detection and identification of F-actin in fixed and permeabilized plant tissues. In: Staiger CJ, Baluska F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW (eds) Actin: a dynamic framework for multiple plant cell function. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 601–618

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouquin T, Mattsson O, Naested H, Foster R, Mundy J (2003) The Arabidopsis lue1 mutant defines a katanin p60 ortholog involved in hormonal control of microtubule orientation during cell growth. J Cell Sci 116:791–801

    Google Scholar 

  • Brower DJ, Hepler PK (1976) Microtubules and secondary wall deposition in xylem: the effects of isopropyl N-phenylcarbamate. Protoplasma 87:91–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burk DH, Ye ZH (2002) Alteration of oriented deposition of cellulose microfibrils by mutation of a katanin-like microtubule-severing protein. Plant Cell 14:2145–2160

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burk DH, Liu B, Zhong R, Morrison WH, Ye ZH (2001) A katanin-like protein regulates normal cell wall biosynthesis and cell elongation. Plant Cell 13:807–827

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaffey, Barlow (2000) Actin in the secondary vascular system of woody plants. In: Staiger CJ, Baluska F, Volkmann D, Barlow PW (eds) Actin: a dynamic framework for multiple plant cell function. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 587–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaffey N, Barlow P (2002) Myosin, microtubules, and microfilaments: co-operation between cytoskeletal components during cambial cell division and secondary vascular differentiation in trees. Planta 214:526–536

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffey NJ, Barnett JR, Barlow PW (1997) Cortical microtubule involvement in bordered pit formation in secondary xylem vessel elements of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae): a correlative study using electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy. Protoplasma 197:64–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffey NJ, Barnett JR, Barlow PW (1999) A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of cortical microtubules. Planta 208:19–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffey N, Barlow P, Barnett J (2000) A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of microfilaments. Planta 210:890–896

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan J, Jensen CG, Jensen LC, Bush M, Lloyd CW (1999) The 65-kDa carrot microtubule-associated protein forms regularly arranged filamentous cross-bridges between microtubules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:14931–14936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan J, Mao G, Smertenko A, Hussey PJ, Naldrett M, Bottrill A, Lloyd CW (2003a) Identification of a MAP65 isoform involved in directional expansion of plant cells. FEBS Lett 534:161–163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan J, Calder GM, Doonan JH, Lloyd CW (2003b) EB1 reveals mobile microtubule nucleation sites in Arabidopsis. Nat Cell Biol 5:967–971

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan J, Calder G, Fox S, Lloyd C (2005) Localization of the microtubule end binding protein EB1 reveals alternative pathways of spindle development in Arabidopsis suspension cells. Plant Cell 17:1737–1748

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang HY, Smertenko AP, Igarashi H, Dixon DP, Hussey PJ (2005) Dynamic interaction of NtMAP65-1a with microtubules in vivo. J Cell Sci 118:3195–3201

    Google Scholar 

  • Demura T, Tashiro G, Horiguchi G, Kishimoto N, Kubo M, Matsuoka N, Minami A, Nagata-Hiwatashi M, Nakamura K, Okamura Y, Sassa N, Suzuki S, Yazaki J, Kikuchi S, Fukuda H (2002) Visualization by comprehensive microarray analysis of gene expression programs during transdifferentiation of mesophyll cells into xylem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:15794–15799

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhonukshe P, Gadella TW Jr (2003) Alteration of microtubule dynamic instability during preprophase band formation revealed by yellow fluorescent protein-CLIP170 microtubule plus-end labeling. Plant Cell 15:597–611

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhonukshe P, Mathur J, Hulskamp M, Gadella TW Jr (2005) Microtubule plus-ends reveal essential links between intracellular polarization and localized modulation of endocytosis during division-plane establishment in plant cells. BMC Biol 3:11. DOI 10.1186/1741-7007-3-11

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit R, Cyr R (2004) Encounters between dynamic cortical microtubules promote ordering of the cortical array through angle-dependent modifications of microtubule behavior. Plant Cell 16:3274–3284

    Google Scholar 

  • Esau K (1977) Anatomy of seed plants, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Esau K, Charvat I (1978) On vessel member differentiation in the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Ann Bot 42:665–677

    Google Scholar 

  • Fackenthal JD, Turner FR, Raff EC (1993) Tissue-specific microtubule functions in Drosophila spermatogenesis require the β2-tubulin isotype-specific carboxy terminus. Dev Biol 158:213–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer MM, Seagull RW (1985a) Immunofluorescent and calcofluor white staining of developing tracheary elements in Zinnia elegans L. suspension cultures. Protoplasma 125:190–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer MM, Seagull RW (1985b) Xylogenesis in tissue culture: taxol effects on microtubule reorientation and lateral association in differentiating cells. Protoplasma 128:157–166

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer MM, Seagull RW (1986) Xylogenesis in tissue culture II: Microtubules, cell-shape and secondary wall patterns. Protoplasma 133:140–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falconer MM, Seagull RW (1988) Xylogenesis in tissue culture III: continuing wall deposition during tracheary element differentiation. Protoplasma 144:10–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H (1987) A change in tubulin synthesis in the process of tracheary element differentiation and cell-division of isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiol 28:517–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H (1989) Regulation of tubulin degradation in isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells in culture. Plant Cell Physiol 30:243–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H (1992) Tracheary element formation as a model system of cell differentiation. Int Rev Cytol 136:289–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H (1996) Xylogenesis: initiation, progression, and cell death. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:299–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H (2000) Programmed cell death of tracheary elements as a paradigm in plants. Plant Mol Biol 44:245–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H (2004) Signals that control plant vascular cell differentiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:379–391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Kobayashi H (1989) Dynamic organization of the cytoskeleton during tracheary-element differentiation. Dev Growth Differ 31:9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuda H, Komamine A (1980) Establishment of an experimental system for the study of tracheary element differentiation from single cells isolated from the mesophyll of Zinnia elegans. Plant Physiol 65:57–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Funada R, Abe H, Furusawa O, Imaizumi H, Fukazawa K, Ohtani J (1997) The orientation and localization of cortical microtubules in differentiating conifer tracheids during cell expansion. Plant Cell Physiol 38:210–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Funada R, Miura H, Shibagaki M, Furusawa O, Miura T, Fukatsu E, Kitin P (2001) Involvement of localized cortical microtubules in the formation of a modified structure of wood. J Plant Res 114:491–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner JC, Taylor NG, Turner SR (2003) Control of cellulose synthase complex localization in developing xylem. Plant Cell 15:1740–1748

    Google Scholar 

  • Granger CL, Cyr RJ (2000) Microtubule reorganization in tobacco BY-2 cells stably expressing GFP-MBD. Planta 210:502–509

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gunning BES, Hardham AR (1982) Microtubules. Annu Rev Plant Biol 33:651–698

    Google Scholar 

  • Haigler CH, Brown RM (1986) Transport of rosettes from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane in isolated mesophyll cells of Zinnia elegans during differentiation to tracheary elements in suspension culture. Protoplasma 134:111–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham AR, Gunning BES (1978) Structure of cortical microtubule arrays in plant cells. J Cell Biol 77:14–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham AR, Gunning BES (1979) Interpolation of microtubules into cortical arrays during cell elongation and differentiation in roots of Azolla pinnata. J Cell Sci 37:411–442

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardham AR, Gunning BES (1980) Some effects of colchicine on microtubules and cell division in roots of Azolla pinnata. Protoplasma 102:31–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasezawa S, Ueda K, Kumagai F (2000) Time-sequence observations of microtubule dynamics throughout mitosis in living cell suspensions of stable transgenic Arabidopsis: direct evidence for the origin of cortical microtubules at M/G1 interface. Plant Cell Physiol 41:244–250

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto (2003) Dynamics and regulation of plant interphase microtubules: a comparative view. Curr Opin Plant Biol 6:568–576

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepler PK (1981) Morphogenesis of tracheary elements and guard cells. Cell Biol Monogr 8:327–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepler PK, Fosket DE (1971) The role of microtubules in vessel member differentiation in Coleus. Protoplasma 72:213–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hepler PK, Newcomb EH (1964) Microtubules and fibrils in the cytoplasm of Coleus cells undergoing secondary wall deposition. J Cell Biol 20:529–533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hogetsu T (1991) Mechanism for formation of the secondary wall thickening in tracheary elements: microtubules and microfibrils of tracheary elements of Pisum sativum L. and Commelina communis L. and the effects of amiprophosmethyl. Planta 185:190–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hosokawa M, Suzuki S, Umezawa T, Sato Y (2001) Progress of lignification mediated by intercellular transportation of monolignols during tracheary element differentiation of isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiol 42:959–968

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoyle HD, Raff EC (1990) Two Drosophila beta tubulin isoforms are not functionally equivalent. J Cell Biol 111:1009–1026

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito J, Fukuda H (2002) ZEN1 is a key enzyme in the degradation of nuclear DNA during programmed cell death of tracheary elements. Plant Cell 14:3201–3211

    Google Scholar 

  • Janson ME, de Dood ME, Dogterom M (2003) Dynamic instability of microtubules is regulated by force. J Cell Biol 161:1029–1034

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketelaar T, Anthony RG, Hussey PJ (2004) Green fluorescent protein-mTalin causes defects in actin organization and cell expansion in Arabidopsis and inhibits actin depolymerizing factor’s actin depolymerizing activity in vitro. Plant Physiol 136:3990–3998

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi H, Fukuda H, Shibaoka H (1987) Reorganization of actin-filaments associated with the differentiation of tracheary elements in zinnia mesophyll-cells. Protoplasma 138:69–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kobayashi H, Fukuda H, Shibaoka H (1988) Interrelation between the spatial disposition of actin-filaments and microtubules during the differentiation of tracheary elements in cultured zinnia cells. Protoplasma 143:29–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korolev AV, Chan J, Naldrett MJ, Doonan JH, Lloyd CW (2005) Identification of a novel family of 70 kDa microtubule-associated proteins in Arabidopsis cells. Plant J 42:547–555

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kost B, Spielhofer P, Chua NH (1998) A GFP-mouse talin fusion protein labels plant actin filaments in vivo and visualizes the actin cytoskeleton in growing pollen tubes. Plant J 16:393–401

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kubo M, Udagawa M, Nishikubo N, Horiguchi G, Yamaguchi M, Ito J, Mimura T, Fukuda H, Demura T (2005) Transcription switches for protoxylem and metaxylem vessel formation. Genes Dev 19:1855–1860

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumagai F, Yoneda A, Tomida T, Sano T, Nagata T, Hasezawa S (2001) Fate of nascent microtubules organized at the M/G1 interface, as visualized by synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells stably expressing GFP-tubulin: time-sequence observations of the reorganization of cortical microtubules in living plant cells. Plant Cell Physiol 42:723–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledbetter, Porter (1963) A “microtubule” in plant cell fine structure. J Cell Biol 19:239–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littauer UZ, Giveon D, Thierauf M, Ginzburg I, Ponstingl H (1986) Common and distinct tubulin binding sites for microtubule-associated proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7162–7166

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maitra SC, De DN (1971) Role of microtubules in secondary thickening of differentiating xylem element. J Ultra Res 34:15–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mao T, Jin L, Li H, Liu B, Yuan M (2005) Two microtubule-associated proteins of the Arabidopsis MAP65 family function differently on microtubules. Plant Physiol 138:654–662

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marc J, Granger CL, Brincat J, Fisher DD, Kao Th, McCubbin AG, Cyr RJ (1998) GFP–MAP4 reporter gene for visualizing cortical microtubule rearrangements in living epidermal cells. Plant Cell 10:1927–1939

    Google Scholar 

  • Mathur J, Mathur N, Kernebeck B, Srinivas BP, Hulskamp M (2003) A novel localization pattern for an EB1-like protein links microtubule dynamics to endomembrane organization. Curr Biol 13:1991–1997

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milioni D, Sado PE, Stacey NJ, Domingo C, Roberts K, McCann MC (2001) Differential expression of cell-wall-related genes during the formation of tracheary elements in the Zinnia mesophyll cell system. Plant Mol Biol 47:221–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milioni D, Sado PE, Stacey NJ, Roberts K, McCann MC (2002) Early gene expression associated with the commitment and differentiation of a plant tracheary element is revealed by cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Plant Cell 14:2813–2824

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller S, Smertenko A, Wagner V, Heinrich M, Hussey PJ, Hauser MT (2004) The plant microtubule-associated protein AtMAP65-3/PLE is essential for cytokinetic phragmoplast function. Curr Biol 14:412–417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murata T, Sonobe S, Baskin TI, Hyodo S, Hasezawa S, Nagata T, Horio T, Hasebe M (2005) Microtubule-dependent microtubule nucleation based on recruitment of γ-tubulin in higher plants. Nat Cell Biol 7:961–968

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakajima K, Furutani I, Tachimoto H, Matsubara H, Hashimoto T (2004) SPIRAL1 encodes a plant-specific microtubule-localized protein required for directional control of rapidly expanding Arabidopsis cells. Plant Cell 16:1178–1190

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura M, Naoi K, Shoji T, Hashimoto T (2004) Low concentrations of propyzamide and oryzalin alter microtubule dynamics in Arabidopsis epidermal cells. Plant Cell Physiol 45:1330–1334

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima J, Mizuno T, Takabe K, Fujita M, Saiki H (1997) Direct visualization of lignifying secondary wall thickenings in Zinnia elegans cells in culture. Plant Cell Physiol 38:818–827

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakashima J, Takebe K, Fujita M, Fukuda H (2000) Autolysis during in vitro tracheary element differentiation: formation and location of the perforation. Plant Cell Physiol 41:1267–1271

    Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen MG, Turner FR, Hutchens JA (2001) Axoneme-specific β-tubulin specialization: a conserved C-terminal motif specifies the central pair. Curr Biol 11:529–533

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obara K, Kuriyama H, Fukuda H (2001) Direct evidence of active and rapid nuclear degradation triggered by vacuole rupture during programmed cell death in Zinnia. Plant Physiol 125:615–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oda Y, Mimura T, Hasezawa S (2005) Regulation of secondary cell wall development by cortical microtubules during tracheary element differentiation in Arabidopsis cell suspensions. Plant Physiol 137:1027–1036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olyslaegers G, Verbelen JP (1998) Improved staining of F-actin and co-localization of mitochondria in plant cells. J Microsc 192:73–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps JD (1966) Incorporation of radioactivity into wheat xylem walls. Planta 71:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps JD (1967) The effects of colchicine on the ultrastructure of dividing plant cell, xylem wall differentiation and distribution of cytoplasmic microtubules. Dev Biol 15:206–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pickett-Heaps JD, Northcote DH (1966) Relationship of cellular organelles to the formation and development of the plant cell wall. J Exp Bot 17:20–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts AW, Haigler CH (1994) Cell Expansion and tracheary element differentiation are regulated by extracellular pH in mesophyll cultures of Zinnia elegans L. Plant Physiol 105:699–706

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts AW, Uhnak KS (1998) Tip growth in xylogenic suspension cultures of Zinnia elegans L.: implications for the relationship between cell shape and secondary-cell-wall pattern in tracheary elements. Protoplasma 204:103–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts AW, Frost AO, Roberts EM, Haigler CH (2004) Roles of microtubules and cellulose microfibril assembly in the localization of secondary-cell-wall deposition in developing tracheary elements. Protoplasma 224:217–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salnikov VV, Grimson MJ, Delmer DP, Haigler CH (2001) Sucrose synthase localizes to cellulose synthesis sites in tracheary elements. Phytochemistry 57:823–833

    Google Scholar 

  • Sano T, Higaki T, Oda Y, Hayashi T, Hasezawa S (2005) Appearance of actin microfilament “twin peaks” in mitosis and their function in cell plate formation, as visualized in tobacco BY-2 cells expressing GFP-fimbrin. Plant J 44(4):595–605

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawa S, Demura T, Horiguchi G, Kubo M, Fukuda H (2005) The ATE genes are responsible for repression of transdifferentiation into xylem cells in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 137:141–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedbrook JC (2004) MAPs in plant cells: delineating microtubule growth dynamics and organization. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7:632–640

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedbrook JC, Ehrhardt DW, Fisher SE, Scheible WR, Somerville CR (2004) The Arabidopsis SKU6/SPIRAL1 gene encodes a plus end-localized microtubule-interacting protein involved in directional cell expansion. Plant Cell 16:1506–1520

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw SL, Kamyar R, Ehrhardt DW (2003) Sustained microtubule tread-milling in Arabidopsis cortical arrays. Science 300:1715–1718

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheahan MB, Staiger CJ, Rose RJ, McCurdy DW (2004) A green fluorescent protein fusion to actin-binding domain 2 of Arabidopsis fimbrin highlights new features of a dynamic actin cytoskeleton in live plant cells. Plant Physiol 136:3968–3978

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smertenko AP, Chang HY, Wagner V, Kaloriti D, Fenyk S, Sonobe S, Lloyd C, Hauser MT, Hussey PJ (2004) The Arabidopsis microtubule-associated protein AtMAP65-1: molecular analysis of its microtubule bundling activity. Plant Cell 16:2035–2047

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi H, Hirota K, Kawahara A, Hayakawa E, Inoue Y (2003) Randomization of cortical microtubules in root epidermal cells induces root hair initiation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol 44:350–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor JG, Haigler CH (1993) Patterned secondary cell-wall assembly in tracheary elements occurs in a self-perpetuating cascade. Acata Bot Neer 42:153–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor JG, Owen TP, Koonce LT, Haigler CH (1992) Dispersed lignin in tracheary elements treated with cellulose synthesis inhibitors provides evidence that molecules of the secondary cell-wall mediate wall patterning. Plant J 2:959–970

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor NG, Scheible WR, Cutler S, Somerville CR, Turner SR (1999) The irregular xylem3 locus of Arabidopsis encodes a cellulose synthase required for secondary cell wall synthesis. Plant Cell 11:769–779

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor NG, Laurie S, Turner SR (2000) Multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 12:2529–2539

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor NG, Howells RM, Huttly AK, Vickers K, Turner SR (2003) Interactions among three distinct CesA proteins essential for cellulose synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:1450–1455

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Twell D, Park SK, Hawkins TJ, Schubert D, Schmidt R, Smertenko A, Hussey PJ (2002) MOR1/GEM1 has an essential role in the plant-specific cytokinetic phragmoplast. Nat Cell Biol 4:711–714

    Google Scholar 

  • Tokunaga N, Sakakibara N, Umezawa T, Ito Y, Fukuda H, Sato Y (2005) Involvement of extracellular dilignols in lignification during tracheary element differentiation of isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells. Plant Cell Physiol 46:224–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Ueda K, Matsuyama T, Hashimoto T (1999) Visualization of microtubules in living cells of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. Protoplasma 206:201–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhnak KS, Roberts AW (1995) Microtubule rearrangements accompanying dedifferentiation in mesophyll cultures of Zinnia elegans L. Protoplasma 189:81–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Bruaene N, Joss G, Van Oostveldt P (2004) Reorganization and in vivo dynamics of microtubules during Arabidopsis root hair development. Plant Physiol 136:3905–3919

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Gestel K, Le J, Verbelen JP (2001) A comparison of F-actin labeling methods for light microscopy in different plant specimens: multiple techniques supplement each other. Micron 32:571–578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Damme D, Van Poucke K, Boutant E, Ritzenthaler C, Inze’ D, Geelen D (2004a) In vivo dynamics and differential microtubule-binding activities of MAP65 proteins. Plant Physiol 136:3956–3967

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Damme D, Bouget FY, Van Poucke K, Inze D, Geelen D (2004b) Molecular dissection of plant cytokinesis and phragmoplast structure: a survey of GFP-tagged proteins. Plant J 40:386–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vos JW, Dogterom M, Emons AM (2004) Microtubules become more dynamic but not shorter during preprophase band formation: a possible “search-and-capture” mechanism for microtubule translocation. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 57:246–258

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YS, Motes CM, Mohamalawari DR, Blancaflor EB (2004) Green fluorescent protein fusions to Arabidopsis fimbrin 1 for spatio-temporal imaging of F-actin dynamics in roots. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 59:79–93

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whittington AT, Vugrek O, Wei KJ, Hasenbein NG, Sugimoto K, Rashbrooke MC, Wasteneys GO (2001) MOR1 is essential for organizing cortical microtubules in plants. Nature 411:610–613

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wicker-Planquart C, Stoppin-Mellet V, Blanchoin L, Vantard M (2004) Interactions of tobacco microtubule-associated protein MAP65-1b with microtubules. Plant J 39:126–134

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wooding FBP, Northcote DH (1964) The development of the secondary wall of the xylem in Acer pseudoplantanus. J Cell Biol 23:327–337

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuhara H, Muraoka M, Shogaki H, Mori H, Sonobe S (2002) TMBP200, a microtubule bundling polypeptide isolated from telophase tobacco BY-2 cells is a MOR1 homologue. Plant Cell Physiol 43:595–603

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye ZH (2002) Vascular tissue differentiation and pattern formation in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 53:183–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura T, Demura T, Igarashi M, Fukuda H (1996) Differential expression of three genes for different beta-tubulin isotypes during the initial culture of Zinnia mesophyll cells that divide and differentiate into tracheary elements. Plant Cell Physiol 37:1167–1176

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan

    Yoshihisa Oda & Seiichiro Hasezawa

Authors
  1. Yoshihisa Oda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Seiichiro Hasezawa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Seiichiro Hasezawa.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oda, Y., Hasezawa, S. Cytoskeletal organization during xylem cell differentiation. J Plant Res 119, 167–177 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-006-0260-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-006-0260-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation