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Determination of nicotine content in teeth submitted to prophylaxis and in-office bleaching by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

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Abstract

Objectives

The objective of this study was to evaluate the dental color exposed to acute cigarette smoke treatment and quantify the amount of nicotine in samples exposed to cigarette smoke, after dental prophylaxis and after in-office bleaching.

Materials and methods

Sixty-nine healthy human molars were subjected to cigarette smoke in a cigarette machine. The teeth were divided into three groups: positive control, prophylaxis, and bleaching. Forty cycles of smoke exposition with duration of 15 min each were performed using 10 cigarettes (positive control). Dental prophylaxis was performed with a rotating brush and prophylaxis paste; in-office bleaching was performed with 35% hydrogen peroxide, in two sessions of three 15-min applications, with a 1-week interval between sessions. The color was evaluated at the baseline, after exposure to cigarette smoke, after dental prophylaxis, and after in-office bleaching. Teeth from each group were powdered and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in order to measure the amount of nicotine present in each group. Data from quantification of nicotine and color change were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).

Data for subjective and objective color evaluation, a perceptible dental darkening occurred in teeth after exposure to cigarette smoke. Dental prophylaxis was able to recover the original color of teeth however, only after bleaching teeth became whiter than at the baseline (p < 0.001). The amount of nicotine was significantly different and higher in positive control group (3.3 ± 1.3 μg/g of tooth), followed by the prophylaxis group (2.1 ± 1.4 μg/g) and the bleaching group (0.8 ± 0.3 μg/g) (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Cigarette smoke penetrates into the dental structure. Dental prophylaxis and bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide can partially remove the nicotine from tobacco smoke. However, when in-office bleaching was applied, a more significant nicotine removal was achieved.

Clinical significance

Dental prophylaxis could remove most of the external nicotine-staining on the tooth surfaces while bleaching could further reduce the external and internal nicotine-staining of teeth.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank professor Fabio André dos Santos to lending us the cigarette smoke machine and professor Osvaldo MitsuyukiCintho for helping us in the milling process of teeth.

Funding

The authors are grateful to the CNPq for financial support (Process 232511/2014-4) and the National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR–University of Mississippi) for technical support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Paulo Picanço School of Dentistry, Fortaleza, Brazil

    Juliana L. de Geus

  2. Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, 84030-900, Brazil

    Alessandro D. Loguercio, Stella Kossatz & Alessandra Reis

  3. Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil

    Flávio L. Beltrame

  4. National Centre for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

    Mei Wang, Bharathi Avula & Ikhlas A. Khan

  5. Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA

    Ikhlas A. Khan

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  1. Juliana L. de Geus
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Correspondence to Alessandra Reis.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee. The State University of Ponta Grossa (protocol 11265/2015) and the Ethics Committee from the same University (protocol number 1.065.444) approved this in vitro study.

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de Geus, J.L., Beltrame, F.L., Wang, M. et al. Determination of nicotine content in teeth submitted to prophylaxis and in-office bleaching by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Clin Oral Invest 22, 3043–3051 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2388-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2388-z

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