Abstract
Orchids are associated with diverse fungal taxa, including nonmycorrhizal endophytic fungi as well as mycorrhizal fungi. The orchid mycorrhizal (OM) symbiosis is an excellent model for investigating the biological interactions between plants and fungi due to their high dependency on these symbionts for growth and survival. To capture the complexity of OM interactions, significant genomic, numerous transcriptomic, and proteomic studies have been performed, unraveling partly the role of each partner. On the other hand, several papers studied the bioactive metabolites from each partner but rarely interpreted their significance in this symbiotic relationship. In this review, we focus from a biochemical viewpoint on the OM dynamics and its molecular interactions. The ecological functions of OM in plant development and stress resistance are described first, summarizing recent literature. Secondly, because only few studies have specifically looked on OM molecular interactions, the signaling pathways and compounds allowing the establishment/maintenance of mycorrhizal association involved in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) are discussed in parallel with OM. Based on mechanistic similarities between OM and AM, and recent findings on orchids’ endophytes, a putative model representing the different molecular strategies that OM fungi might employ to establish this association is proposed. It is hypothesized here that (i) orchids would excrete plant molecule signals such as strigolactones and flavonoids but also other secondary metabolites; (ii) in response, OM fungi would secrete mycorrhizal factors (Myc factors) or similar compounds to activate the common symbiosis genes (CSGs); (iii) overcome the defense mechanism by evasion of the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-triggered immunity and by secretion of effectors such as small inhibitor proteins; and (iv) finally, secrete phytohormones to help the colonization or disrupt the crosstalk of plant defense phytohormones. To challenge this putative model, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies with special attention to each partner’s contribution are finally encouraged and some technical approaches are proposed.
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Abbreviations
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- ABC:
-
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette
- AM:
-
Arbuscular mycorrhizal
- BLAST:
-
Basic local alignment search tool
- C:
-
Carbon
- COs:
-
Chitooligosaccharides
- CSGs:
-
Common symbiosis genes
- EM:
-
Ericoid mycorrhizal
- ET:
-
Ethylene
- ETI:
-
Effector-triggered immunity
- GAs:
-
Gibberellins
- IAA:
-
Indole-3-acetic acid
- IMS:
-
Imaging mass spectrometry
- ITS:
-
Internal transcribed spacer
- JA:
-
Jasmonate
- LCOs:
-
Lipo-chitooligosaccharides
- MALDI:
-
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization
- MiSSP:
-
Mycorrhizal-induced small-secreted protein
- Myc factors:
-
Mycorrhizal factors
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- Nod factors:
-
Noduling factors
- OM:
-
Orchid mycorrhizal
- P:
-
Phosphorus
- PAMPs:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PCA:
-
Principal component analysis
- PDRs:
-
Pleiotropic drug resistance
- PRRs:
-
Pattern-recognition receptors
- PTI:
-
PAMP-triggered immunity
- QS:
-
Quorum sensing
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- TCM:
-
Traditional Chinese medicine
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Acknowledgments
We thank Ludivine Riffault-Valois, Aurélie Urbain, Laurence Gondet (Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Strasbourg), and Megan Krumpoch for their critical reading and revision of the manuscript.
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This research was financially supported by Guerlain to contribute in the understanding and preservation of orchids.
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Favre-Godal, Q., Gourguillon, L., Lordel-Madeleine, S. et al. Orchids and their mycorrhizal fungi: an insufficiently explored relationship. Mycorrhiza 30, 5–22 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00934-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-020-00934-2