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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Neuromuscular Specializations of the Human Hypopharyngeal Muscles

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This article was retracted on 31 October 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

The hypopharyngeal muscles in humans play a vital role in swallowing, speech, and respiration. Increasing evidence indicates that these muscles are specialized to perform life-sustaining upper aerodigestive functions. This review aims to provide current knowledge regarding the key structural, physiological, and biochemical features of the hypopharyngeal muscles, including innervation, contractile properties, histochemistry, biochemical properties, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression and regulation, and age-related alterations. These would clarify the unique neuromuscular specializations of the human hypopharyngeal muscles for a better understanding of the functions and pathological conditions of the pharynx and for the development of novel therapies to treat related upper airway disorders.

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Abbreviations

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

CP:

Cricopharyngeus

CPh:

Horizontal compartment of CP muscle

CPM:

Cranial paraxial mesoderm

CPo:

Oblique compartment of CP muscle

CTP:

Cricothyropharyngeus

EMG:

Electromyogram

EOM:

Extraocular muscle

OL:

Fast-outer layer

IPC:

Inferior pharyngeal constrictor

mATPase:

Myofibrillar ATPase

MPC:

Middle pharyngeal constrictor

MPM:

Mesenchymal paraxial mesoderm

MyHC:

Myosin heavy chain

MyHC-α:

α-Cardiac MyHC

MyHC-emb:

Embryonic MyHC

MyHC-new:

Neonatal MyHC

MyHC-ton:

Slow tonic MyHC

NADH-TR:

NADH-tetrazolium reductase

NMC:

Neuromuscular compartment

NMJ:

Neuromuscular junction

OPMD:

Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy

PAM:

Paraxial mesoderm

PC:

Pharyngeal constrictor

PEN:

Pharyngoesophageal nerve

PM:

Pharyngeal mesoderm

PSC:

Pharyngeal satellite cell

RLN:

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

SC:

Satellite cell

SDH:

Succinic dehydrogenase

SERCA:

Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase

SIL:

Slow inner layer

SLN:

Superior laryngeal nerve

SNA:

Subneural apparatus

SPC:

Superior pharyngeal constrictor

TP:

Thyropharyngeus

UE:

Upper esophagus

UES:

Upper esophageal sphincter

V:

Trigeminal nerve

VII:

Facial nerve

IX:

Glossopharyngeal nerve

X:

Vagus nerve

XI:

Accessory nerve

XII:

Hypoglossal nerve

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health Grant 5R01 DC014679 from the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (to Dr. Liancai Mu).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Sohag University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt

    Mohammed Elrabie Ahmed Mohammed

  2. Upper Airway Research Laboratory, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, 111 Ideation Way, Nutley, NJ, 07110, USA

    Liancai Mu

  3. Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Hesham Mostafa Abdelfattah

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  1. Mohammed Elrabie Ahmed Mohammed
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  3. Hesham Mostafa Abdelfattah
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Correspondence to Mohammed Elrabie Ahmed Mohammed.

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Mohammed, M.E.A., Mu, L. & Abdelfattah, H.M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Neuromuscular Specializations of the Human Hypopharyngeal Muscles. Dysphagia 36, 769–785 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-020-10212-0

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