Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Genetic analysis of threshability and other spike traits in the evolution of cultivated emmer to fully domesticated durum wheat

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Molecular Genetics and Genomics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Genetic mutations in genes governing wheat threshability were critical for domestication. Knowing when these genes mutated during wheat evolution will provide more insight into the domestication process and lead to further exploitation of primitive alleles for wheat improvement. We evaluated a population of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between the durum variety Rusty and the cultivated emmer accession PI 193883 for threshability, rachis fragility, and other spike-related traits. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with spike length, spikelets per spike, and spike compactness were primarily associated with known genes such as the pleiotropic domestication gene Q. Interestingly, rachis fragility was not associated with the Q locus, suggesting that this trait, usually a pleiotropic effect of the q allele, can be influenced by the genetic background. Threshability QTL were identified on chromosome arms 2AS, 2BS, and 5AL corresponding to the tenacious glume genes Tg2A and Tg2B as well as the Q gene, respectively, further demonstrating that cultivated emmer harbors the primitive non-free-threshing alleles at all three loci. Genetic analysis indicated that the effects of the three genes are mostly additive, with Q having the most profound effects on threshability, and that free-threshing alleles are necessary at all three loci to attain a completely free-threshing phenotype. These findings provide further insight into the timeline and possible pathways of wheat domestication and evolution that led to the formation of modern day domesticated wheats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akpinar BA, Biyiklioglu S, Alptekin B, Havrànkovà M, Vràna J, Doležel J, Distelfeld A, Hernandez P, The IWGSC, Budak H (2018) Chromosome-based survey sequencing reveals the genome organization of wild wheat progenitor Triticum dicoccoides. Plant Biotech J 16:2077–2087

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez MA, Tranquilli G, Lewis S, Kippes N, Dubcovsky J (2016) Genetic and physical mapping of the earliness per se locus Eps-A m 1. in Triticum monococcum identifies EARLY FLOWERING 3 (ELF3) as a candidate gene. Funct Integr Genom 16:365–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ankerst M, Breunig MM, Kriegel H-P, Sander J (1999) OPTICS: Ordering points to identify the clustering structure. In: Delis A, Faloutsos C and Ghandeharizadeh S (eds), Proceedings ACM SIGMOD’99 international conference on management of data, ACM Press, Philadelphia, pp 49–60

  • Avni R, Nave M, Barad O, Baruch K, Twardziok SO, Gundlach H, Hale I, Mascher M, Spannagl M, Wiebe K, Jordan KW, Golan G, Deek J, Ben-Zvi B, Ben-Zvi G, Himmelbach A, MacLachlan RP, Sharpe AG, Fritz A, Ben-David R, Budak H, Fahima T, Korol A, Faris JD, Hernandez A, Mikel MA, Levy AA, Steffenson B, Maccaferri M, Tuberosa R, Cattivelli L, Faccioli P, Ceriotti A, Kashkush K, Pourkheirandish M, Komatsuda T, Eilam T, Sela H, Sharon A, Ohad N, Chamovitz DA, Mayer KFX, Stein N, Ronen G, Peleg Z, Pozniak CJ, Akhunov ED, Distelfeld A (2017) Wild emmer genome architecture and diversity elucidate wheat evolution and domestication. Science 357:93–97

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullrich L, Appendino ML, Tranquilli G, Lewis S, Dubcovsky J (2002) Mapping of a thermo-sensitive earliness per se gene on Triticum monococcum chromosome 1Am. Theor Appl Genet 105:585–593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadalen T, Sourdille P, Charmet G, Tixier MH, Gay G, Boeuf C, Bernard S, Leroy P, Bernard M (1998) Molecular markers linked to genes affecting plant height in wheat using a double-haploid population. Theor Appl Genet 96:933–940

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chalupska D, Lee HY, Faris JD, Evrard A, Chalhoub B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2008) Acc homoeoloci and the evolution of the wheat genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:9691–9696

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Debernardi JM, Lin H, Chuck G, Faris JD, Dubcovsky J (2017) microRNA172 plays a crucial role in wheat spike morphogenesis and grain threshability. Development 144:1966–1975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz A, Zikhali M, Turner AS, Isaac P, Laurie D (2012) Copy number variation affecting the Photoperiod-B1 and Vernalization-A1 genes is associated with altered flowering time in wheat (Triticum aestivum). PLoS One 7:e33234. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Doebley JF, Gaut BS, Smith BD (2006) The molecular genetics of crop domestication. Cell 127:1309–1321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubcovsky J, Lijavetzky D, Appendino L, Tranquilli G (1998) Comparative RFLP mapping of Triticum monococcum genes controlling vernalization requirement. Theor Appl Genet 97:968–975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak J, Deal KR, Luo M-C, You FM, von Borstel K, Dehghani H (2012) The origin of spelt and free-threshing hexaploid wheat. J Hered 103:426–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dvořák J, Di Terlizzi P, Zhang H-B, Resta P (1993) The evolution of polyploid wheats: identification of the A genome donor species. Genome 36:21–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD (2014) Wheat Domestication: Key to agricultural revolution past and future. In: Tuberosa R, Graner A, Frison E (eds) Genomics of plant genetic resources, Vol. 1: Managing, sequencing and mining genetic resources. Springer, Netherlands, pp 439–464

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD, Gill BS (2002) Genomic targeting and high-resolution mapping of the domestication gene Q in wheat. Genome 45:706–718

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD, Fellers JP, Brooks SA, Gill BS (2003) A bacterial artificial chromosome contig spanning the major domestication locus Q in wheat and identification of a candidate gene. Genetics 164:311–321

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD, Simons KJ, Zhang Z, Gill BS (2005) The wheat super domestication gene Q. Wheat Info Serv 100:129–148

    Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD, Zhang Z, Chao S (2014a) Map-based analysis of the tenacious glume gene Tg-B1 of wild emmer and its role in wheat domestication. Gene 542:198–208

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD, Zhang Z, Garvin DF, Xu SS (2014b) Molecular and comparative mapping of genes governing spike compactness from wild emmer wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 289:641–651

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faris JD, Zhang Q, Chao S, Zhang Z, Xu SS (2014c) Analysis of agronomic and domestication traits in a durum × cultivated emmer wheat population using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism-based linkage map. Theor Appl Genet 127:2333–2348

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu D, Szűcs P, Yan L, Helguera M, Skinner JS, von Zitzewitz J, Hayes PM, Dubcovsky J (2005) Large deletions within the first intron in VRN-1 are associated with spring growth habit in barley and wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 273:54–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood JR, Finnegan EJ, Watanabe N, Trevaskis B, Swain SM (2017) New alleles of the wheat domestication gene Q reveal multiple roles in growth and reproductive development. Development 144:1959–1965

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman GC (1978) On the origins of domestic rye—Secale cereale: the finds from aceramic can hasan III in Turkey. Anatolian Studies 28:157–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Ren J, Ren X, Huang S, Sabiel SAI, Luo M, Nevo E, Fu C, Peng J, Sun D (2015) Association of agronomic traits with SNP markers in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. durum (Desf.)). PLoS One 10:e0130854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang S, Sirikhachornkit A, Su X, Faris J, Gill B, Haselkorn R, Gornicki P (2002) Genes encoding acetyl-CoA carboxylase and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase of the Triticum/ Aegilops complex and the evolutionary history of polyploid wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8133–8138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joehanes R, Nelson JC (2008) QGene 4.0, an extensible Java QTL-analysis platform. Bioinformatics 24:2788–2789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamran A, Iqbal M, Spaner D (2014) Flowering time in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a key factor for global adaptability. Euphytica 197:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-014-1075-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (1999) QTL mapping of genes controlling ear emergence time and plant height on chromosome 5A of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 98:472–477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Miura H, Sawada S (2000) Mapping QTLs controlling grain yield and its components on chromosome 5A of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 101:1114–1121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Sonokawa R, Miura H, Sawada S (2003) Dwarfing effect associated with the threshability gene Q on wheat chromosome 5A. Plant Breed 122:489–492

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerber ER, Dyck PL (1969) Inheritance in hexaploid wheat of leaf rust resistance and other characters derived from Aegilops squarrosa. Can J Genet Cytol 11:639–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kerber ER, Rowland GG (1974) Origin of the free threshing character in hexaploid wheat. Can J Genet Cytol 16:145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kislev ME (1980) Triticum parvicoccum, the oldest naked wheat. Isr J Bot 28:95–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Klindworth DL, Miller JD, Xu SS (2006) Registration of Rusty durum wheat. Crop Sci 46:1012–1013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kosambi DD (1943) The estimation of map distances from recombination values. Ann Eugen 12:172–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leighty CE, Boshnakian S (1921) Genetic behaviour of the spelt form in crosses between Triticum spelta and Triticum aestivum. J Agric Res 7:335–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Levene H (1960) Robust tests for equality of variances. In: Olkin I, Hotelling H et al (eds) Contributions to probability and statistics: essays in honor of harold hotelling. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, pp 278–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W, Gill BS (2006) Multiple genetic pathways for seed shattering in the grasses. Funct Integr Genomics 6:300–309

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lorieux M (2012) MapDisto: fast and efficient computation of genetic linkage maps. Mol Breeding 30:1231–1235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mackey J (1954) Neutron and X-ray experiments in wheat and a revision of the speltoid problem. Hereditas 40:65–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Muramatsu M (1979) Presence of vulgare gene, Q, in a dense-spike variety of Triticum dicoccum Schübl. Report of the Plant Germ-Plasm Institute, Kyoto University, No 4, pp 39–41

  • Muramatsu M (1985) Spike type in two cultivars of Triticum dicoccum with the spelta gene q compared with the Q-bearing variety liguliforme. Jpn J Breed 35:255–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muramatsu M (1986) The vulgare super gene, Q: its universality in durum wheat and its phenotypic effects in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats. Can J Genet Cytol 28:30–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nalam VJ, Vales MI, Watson CJW, Kianian SF, Riera-Lizarazu O (2006) Map-based analysis of genes affecting the brittle rachis character in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). Theor Appl Genet 112:373–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt M (2001) Wheat evolution: integrating archaeological and biological evidence. In: Caligari PDS, Brandham PE (eds) Wheat taxonomy: the legacy of John Percival. Linnean Society, London, pp 37–59 (Linnean Special Issue 3)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt M, Samuel D (1996) From staple crop to extinction? The archaeology and history of hulled wheats. In: Padulosi S, Hammer K, Heller J (eds) Hulled wheats, promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 4: proceedings of the first international workshop on hulled wheats. Castelvecchio Pascoli, Tuscany, Italy, pp 41–100

  • Nitcher R, Pearce S, Tranquilli G, Zhang X, Dubcovsky J (2014) Effect of the hope FT-B1 allele on wheat heading time and yield components. J Hered 105:666–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pallotta MA, Warner P, Fox RL, Kuchel H, Jefferies SJ, Langridge P (2003) Marker assisted wheat breeding in the southern region of Australia. In: Pogna NE, Romano M, Pogna EA, Galterio Z (eds) Proceedings of the 10th international wheat genetics symposium, Paestum, Italy, 1–6 September, 2003. Instituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sant’Angelo Lodigiano, pp 789–791

  • Peleg Z, Fahima T, Korol AB, Abbo S, Saranga Y (2011) Genetic analysis of wheat domestication and evolution under domestication. J Exp Botany 62:5051–5061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng J, Ronin Y, Fahima T, Röder MS, Li Y, Nevo E, Korol A (2003) Domestication quantitative trait loci in Triticum dicoccoides, the progenitor of wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2489–2494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng J, Sun D, Nevo E (2011) Wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, occupies a pivotal position in wheat domestication process. Aust J Crop Sci 5:1127–1143

    Google Scholar 

  • Röder MS, Korzun V, Gill BS, Ganal MW (1998a) The physical mapping of microsatellite markers in wheat. Genome 41:278–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röder MS, Korzun V, Wendehake K, Plaschke J, Tixier MH, Leroy P, Ganal MW (1998b) A microsatellite map of wheat. Genetics 149:2007–2023

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • SAS Institute (2011) SAS/STAT 9.3 User’s Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears ER (1954) The aneuploids of common wheat. Mo Agr Exp Stn Res Bull 572:1–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Sears ER (1956) The systematics, cytology and genetics of wheat. handb pflanzenzücht, vol. 2, 2nd edn, pp 164–187

  • Shiferaw B, Smale M, Braun H-J, Duveiller E, Reynolds M, Muricho G (2013) Crops that feed the world 10. Past successes and future challenges to the role played by wheat in global food security. Food Sec 5:291–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simonetti MC, Bellomo MP, Laghetti G, Perrino P, Simeone R, Blanco A (1999) Quantitative trait loci influencing free-threshing habit in tetraploid wheats. Genet Res Crop Evol 46:267–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simons KJ, Fellers JP, Trick HN, Zhang Z, Tai Y-S, Gill BS, Faris JD (2006) Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene Q. Genetics 172:547–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Singh HB, Anderson E, Pal BP (1957) Studies in the genetics of Triticum vavilovii Jackub. Agron J 49:4–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snedecor GW, Cochran WG (1989) Statistical methods, Eighth Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames

    Google Scholar 

  • Somers DJ, Isaac P, Edwards K (2004) A high-density microsatellite consensus map for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 109:1105–1114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song QJ, Shi JR, Singh S, Fickus EW, Costa JM, Lewis J, Gill BS, Ward R, Cregan PB (2005) Development and mapping of microsatellite (SSR) markers in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 110:550–560

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorrells ME, Gustafson JP, Somers D, Chao S, Benscher D, Guedira-Brown G, Huttner E, Kilian A, McGuire PE, Ross K, Tanaka J, Wenzl P, Williams K, Qualset CO (2011) Reconstruction of the synthetic W7984 × Opata M85 wheat reference population. Genome 54:875–882

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sourdille P, Cadalen T, Guyomarc’h H, Snape JW, Perretant MR, Charmet G, Boeuf C, Bernard S, Bernard M (2003) An update of the Courtot × Chinese spring intervarietal molecular marker linkage map for the QTL detection of agronomic traits in wheat. Theor Appl Genet 106:530–538

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thanh PT, Vladutu CI, Kianian SF, Thanh PT, Ishii T, Nitta M, Nasuda S, Mori N (2013) Molecular genetic analysis of domestication traits in emmer wheat. I: map construction and QTL analysis using an F2 population. Biotechnology 27:3627–3637

    Google Scholar 

  • Torada A, Koike M, Mochida K, Ogihara Y (2006) SSR-based linkage map with new markers using an intraspecific population of common wheat. Theor Appl Genet 112:1042–1051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tzarfati R, Saranga Y, Barak V, Gopher A, Korol AB, Abbo S (2013) Threshing efficiency as an incentive for rapid domestication of emmer wheat. Ann Bot 112:829–837

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Wong D, Forrest K, Allen A, Chao S, Huang BE, Maccaferri M, Salvi S, Milner SG, Cattivelli L, Mastrangelo AM, Whan A, Stephen S, Barker G, Wieseke R, Plieske J, International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium, Lillemo M, Mather D, Appels R, Dolferus R, Brown-Guedira G, Korol A, Akhunova AR, Feuillet C, Salse J, Morgante M, Pozniak C, Luo M-C, Dvorak J, Morell M, Dubcovsky J, Ganal M, Tuberosa R, Lawley C, Mikoulitch I, Cavanagh C, Edwards KJ, Hayden M, Akhunov E (2014) Characterization of polyploid wheat genomic diversity using a high-density 90 000 single nucleotide polymorphism array. Plant Biotechnol J 12:787–796

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yan L, Loukoianov A, Tranquilli G, Helguera M, Fahima T, Dubcovsky J (2003) Positional cloning of wheat vernalization gene VRN1. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100:6263–6268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yan L, Helguera M, Kato K, Fukuyama S, Sherman J, Dubcovsky J (2004) Allelic variation at the VRN-1 promoter region in polyploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 109:1677–1686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZC, Belcram H, Gornicki P, Charles M, Just J, Huneau C, Magdelenat G, Couloux A, Samain S, Gill BS, Rasmussen JB, Barbe V, Faris JD, Chalhoub B (2011) Duplication and partitioning in evolution and function of homoeologous Q loci governing domestication characters in polyploid wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:18737–18742

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou J, Semagn K, Iqbal M, Chen H, Asif M, N’Diaye A, Navabi A, Perez-Lara E, Pozniak C, Yang RC, Randhawa H, Spaner D (2017) QTLs associated with agronomic traits in the Attila × CDC Go spring wheat population evaluated under conventional management. PLoS ONE 12:e0171528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171528

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Megan E. Overlander and Samantha Steckler for greenhouse and technical assistance. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Funding

This research was supported in part by funds to S.S.X. provided through a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to Cornell University for the Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat (DRRW) Project and the U.S. Department of Agriculture–Agriculture Research Service (USDA–ARS) Current Research Information System (CRIS) Project No. 3060-21000-038-00D.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jyoti S. Sharma

    Present address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Morden Research and Development Centre, Morden, MB, R6M 1Y5, Canada

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA

    Jyoti S. Sharma, Katherine L. D. Running, Qijun Zhang, Amanda R. Peters Haugrud, Sapna Sharma & Phillip E. McClean

  2. USDA-ARS, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Northern Crop Science Laboratory, 1605 Albrecht Blvd. North, Fargo, ND, 58102-2765, USA

    Steven S. Xu & Justin D. Faris

Authors
  1. Jyoti S. Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Katherine L. D. Running
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Steven S. Xu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Qijun Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Amanda R. Peters Haugrud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sapna Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Phillip E. McClean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Justin D. Faris
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Justin D. Faris.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Jyoti Sharma declares that she has no conflict of interest, Katherine Running declares that she has no conflict of interest, Steven Xu declares that he has no conflict of interest, Qijun Zhang declares that he has no conflict of interest, Amanda Peters Haugrud declares that she has no conflict of interest, Sapna Sharma declares that she has no conflict of interest, Phillip McClean declares that he has no conflict of interest, and Justin Faris declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Communicated by Shawn Kaeppler.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file: The whole genome linkage maps of the RP883 population. (XLSX 405 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, J.S., Running, K.L.D., Xu, S.S. et al. Genetic analysis of threshability and other spike traits in the evolution of cultivated emmer to fully domesticated durum wheat. Mol Genet Genomics 294, 757–771 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01544-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01544-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation