Abstract
The deep-sea yeast Cryptococcus liquefaciens strain N6 possesses high superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and a high tolerance toward metal ions. To clarify the relationship between metal tolerance and SOD activity in this strain, we cloned the Cu/Zn SOD gene. This gene (Cl-SOD1) consists of 471 bp encoding 157 amino acids; the associated protein had 59.9–76.7% identity with Cu/Zn SOD proteins of other yeast species. The highest identity corresponded to Cryptococcus gattii (76.7%). Cl-SOD1 expression in the sod1 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that this SOD protein was functional in S. cerevisiae. The Cl-SOD1 protein possessed approximately fourfold greater activity than S. cerevisiae SOD1 (Sc-SOD1) at 30°C. The amount of Cl-SOD1 mRNA in strain N6 increased in the presence of copper ion. However, the level of this transcript was not dependent on an increase in copper ion concentration and did not correlate well with changes in the amount of Cu/Zn SOD protein. This result suggests that strain N6 possesses other Cu/Zn SOD genes induced in a manner different from Cl-SOD1 as found in Candida albicans, or that the Cl-SOD1 gene undergoes posttranscriptional regulation upon increase of copper ion.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abe F, Kato C, Horikoshi K (1999) Pressure-regulated metabolism in microorganisms. Trends Microbiol 7:447–453
Abe F, Miura T, Nagahama T, Inoue A, Usami R, Horikoshi K (2001) Isolation of a highly copper-tolerant yeast, Cryptococcus sp., from the Japan Trench and the induction of superoxide dismutase activity by Cu2+. Biotechnol Lett 23:2027–2034
Abe F, Minegishi H, Miura T, Nagahama T, Usami R, Horikoshi K (2006) Characterization of cold- and high-pressure-active polygalacturonases from a deep-sea yeast, Cryptococcus liquefaciens strain N6. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 70:296–299
Adams A, Gottschling DE, Kaiser CA, Stearns T (1997) Methods in yeast genetics: a Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory course manual. Cold Spring Harbor, New York
Ausubel FM, Brent R, Kingston RE, Moore DD, Seidman JG, Smith JA, Struhl K (1992) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. John Wiley, New York
Bermingham-McDonogh O, Gralla EB, Valentine JS (1988) The copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: cloning, sequencing, and biological activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:4789–4793
Bordo D, Djinovic K, Bolognesi M (1994) Conserved patterns in the Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase family. J Mol Biol 238:366–386
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254
Carri MT, Galiazzo F, Ciriolo MR, Rotilio G (1991) Evidence for co-regulation of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase and metallothionein gene expression in yeast through transcriptional control by copper via the ACE1 factor. FEBS Lett 278:263–266
Chang EC, Crawford BF, Hong Z, Bilinski T, Kosman DJ (1991) Genetic and biochemical characterization of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 266:4417–4424
Chaturvedi S, Hamilton AJ, Hobby P, Zhu G, Lowry CV, Chaturvedi V (2001) Molecular cloning, phylogenetic analysis and three-dimensional modeling of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (CnSOD1) from three varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans. Gene 268:41–51
Dietrich FS, Voegeli S, Brachat S, Lerch A, Gates K, Steiner S, Mohr C, Pohlmann R, Luedi P, Choi S, Wing RA, Flavier A, Gaffney TD, Philippsen P (2004) The Ashbya gossypii genome as a tool for mapping the ancient Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome. Science 304:304–307
Fridovich I (1978) The biology of oxygen radicals. Science 201:575–880
Furukawa Y, O’Halloran TV (2006) Posttranslational modifications in Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and mutations associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 8:847–867
Gralla EB, Valentine JS (1991) Null mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cu, Zn Superoxide dismutase: characterization and spontaneous mutation rates. J Bacteriol 173:5918–5920
Gralla EB, Thiele DJ, Silar P, Valentine JS (1991) ACE1, a copper-dependent transcription factor, activates expression of the yeast copper, zinc superoxide dismutase gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88:8558–8562
Hamilton AJ, Holdom MD (1997) Biochemical comparison of the Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii. Infect Immun 65:488–494
Hartman JR, Geller T, Yavin Z, Bartfeld D, Kanner D, Aviv H, Gorecki M (1986) High-level expression of enzymatically active human Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:7142–7146
Hernandez-Saavedra NY, Egly JM, Ochoa JL (1998) Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding a copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme from the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. Yeast 14:573–581
Hernandez-Saavedra NY, Romero-Geraldo R (2001) Cloning and sequencing the genomic encoding region of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase enzyme from several marine strains of the genus Debaryomyces (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij). Yeast 18:1227–1238
Hoffman CS, Winston F (1987) A ten-minute DNA preparation from yeast efficiently releases autonomous plasmids for transformation of Escherichia coli. Gene 57:267–272
Holdom MD, Lechenne B, Hay RJ, Hamilton AJ, Monod M (2000) Production and characterization of recombinant Aspergillus fumigatus Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and its recognition by immune human sera. J Clin Microbiol 38:558–562
Hwang CS, Rhie G, Kim ST, Kim YR, Huh WK, Baek YU, Kang SO (1999) Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase and its gene from Candida albicans. Biochim Biophys Acta 1427:245–255
Hwang CS, Rhie GE, Oh JH, Huh WK, Yim HS, Kang SO (2002) Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu/ZnSOD) is required for the protection of Candida albicans against oxidative stresses and the expression of its full virulence. Microbiology 148:3705–3713
Iwahashi H, Fujii S, Obuchi K, Kaul SC, Sato A, Komatsu Y (1993) Hydrostatic pressure is like high temperature and oxidative stress in the damage it causes to yeast. FEMS Microbiol Lett 108:53–58
Jamieson DJ (1998) Oxidative stress responses of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 14:1511–1527
Jones JS, Prakash L (1990) Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae selectable markers in pUC18 polylinkers. Yeast 6:363–366
Kajiwara S, Aritomi T, Suga K, Ohtaguchi K, Kobayashi O (2000) Overexpression of the OLE1 gene enhances ethanol fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 53:568–574
Kajiwara S (2002) Molecular cloning and characterization of the Δ9 fatty acid desaturase gene and its promoter region from Saccharomyces kluyveri. FEMS Yeast Res 2:333–339
Kato C, Qureshi MH (1999) Pressure response in deep-sea piezophilic bacteria. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 1:87–92
Kwon-Chung KJ, Boekhout T, Fell JW, Diaz M (2002) Proposal to conserve the name Cryptococcus gattii against C. hondurianus and C. bacillisporus (Basidiomycota, Hymenomycetes, Tremellomycetidae). Taxon 51:804–806
Kwon-Chung KJ, Varma A (2006) Do major species concepts support one, two or more species within Cryptococcus neoformans? FEMS Yeast Res 6:574–587
Martchenko M, Alarco A-M, Harcus D, Whiteway M (2004) Superoxide dismutases in Candida albicans: transcriptional regulation and functional characterization of the hyphal-induced SOD5 gene. Mol Biol Cell 15:456–467
Miller AF (2004) Superoxide dismutases: active sites that save, but a protein that kills. Curr Opin Chem Biol 8:162–168
Minegishi H, Miura T, Yoshida Y, Usami R, Abe F (2006) Phylogenetic analysis of pectin degrading yeasts from deep-sea environments. J Jap Soc Extremophiles 5:21–26
Miura T, Abe F, Inoue A, Usami R, Horikoshi K (2002) Superoxide dismutase is involved in high tolerance to copper in the deep-sea yeast, Cryptococcus sp. N6 Biotechnol Lett 24:1069–1074
Moore SM, de Vries OMH, Tudzynski P (2002) The major Cu,Zn SOD of the phytopathogen Claviceps purpurea is not essential for pathogenicity. Mol Plant Pathol 3:9–22
Mount SM (1982) A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 10:459–472
Narasipura SD, Ault JG, Behr MJ, Chaturvedi V, Chaturvedi S (2003) Characterization of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene knock-out mutant of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii: role in biology and virulence. Mol Microbiol 47:1681–1694
Nehlin JO, Ronne H (1990) Yeast MIG1 repressor is related to the mammalian early growth response and Wilms’ tumour finger proteins. EMBO J 9:2891–2898
Oberegger H, Zadra I, Schoeser M, Haas H (2000) Iron starvation leads to increased expression of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase in Aspergillus. FEBS Lett 485:113–116
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York
Saitou N, Nei M (1987) The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol Biol Evol 4:406–425
Thiele DJ (1988) ACE1 regulates expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae metallothionein gene. Mol Cell Biol 8:2745–2752
Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ (1994) CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res 22:4673–4680
Trush MA, Kensler TW (1991) An overview of the relationship between oxidative stress and chemical carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 10:201–209
Wei JP, Srinivasan C, Han H, Valentine JS, Gralla EB (2001) Evidence for a novel role of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in zinc metabolism. J Biol Chem 276:44798–44803
Xing Y, Fikes JD, Guarente L (1993) Mutations in yeast HAP2/HAP3 define a hybrid CCAAT box binding domain. EMBO J 12:4647–4655
Acknowledgment
This study was supported by Grants-in-Aid for the Protein 3000 Project (National Project on Protein Structural and Functional Analyses) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by P. Punt.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kanamasa, S., Sumi, K., Yamuki, N. et al. Cloning and functional characterization of the copper/zinc superoxide dismutase gene from the heavy-metal-tolerant yeast Cryptococcus liquefaciens strain N6. Mol Genet Genomics 277, 403–412 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-006-0197-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-006-0197-6