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DNA barcoding and molecular evolution of mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance

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Abstract

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) are a key threat for millions of people worldwide, since they act as vectors for devastating pathogens and parasites. The standard method of utilisation of morphological characters becomes challenging due to various factors such as phenotypical variations. We explored the complementary approach of CO1 gene-based identification, analysing ten species of mosquito vectors belonging to three genera, Aedes, Culex and Anopheles from India. Analysed nucleotide sequences were found without pseudo genes and indels; they match with high similarity in nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTn) search. The partial CO1 sequence of Anopheles niligricus was the first time record submitted to National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Mean intra- and interspecies divergence was found to be 1.30 and 3.83 %, respectively. The congeneric divergence was three times higher than the conspecifics. Deep intraspecific divergence was noted in three of the species, and the reason could be explained more accurately in the future by improving the sample size across different locations. The transitional and transversional substitutions were tested individually. Ts and Tv substitutions in all the 1st, 2nd and 3rd codons were estimated to be (0.44, 99.51), (40.35, 59.66) and (59.16, 40.84), respectively. Saturation of the sequences was resolved, since both the Ts and Tv exhibited a linear relationship suggesting that the sequences were not saturated. NJ and ML tree analysis showed that the individuals of the same species clustered together based on the CO1 sequence similarity, regardless of their collection site and geographic location. Overall, this study adds basic knowledge to molecular evolution of mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance and may be useful to improve biotechnological tools employed in Culicidae control programmes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the SAARP Trust (Coimbatore, India), and the Research Chair in Laser Diagnosis of Cancers and the Department of Physics and Astronomy, Deanship of Scientific Research King Saud University, Saudi Arabia, for financial support (project no. RGP-1435-057). C. Panneerselvam is grateful to the University Grant Commission (New Delhi, India), Project no. PDFSS-2014-15-SC-TAM-8566.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest. G. Benelli is an Editorial Board Member of Parasitology Research. This does not alter the author’s adherence to all the Parasitology Research policies on sharing data and materials.

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All applicable international and national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Entomology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India

    Kadarkarai Murugan, Chithravel Vadivalagan, Chellasamy Panneerselvam, Manickam Paulpandi & Jayapal Subramaniam

  2. Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India

    Pushparaj Karthika

  3. Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

    Hui Wei

  4. Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia

    Al Thabiani Aziz

  5. Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Mohamad Saleh Alsalhi & Sandhanasamy Devanesan

  6. Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Marcello Nicoletti

  7. Centre for Research in Medical Entomology, Madurai, India

    Rajaiah Paramasivan

  8. Texas A&M University System/Agri Life Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, 79403, USA

    Megha N. Parajulee

  9. Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy

    Giovanni Benelli

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  1. Kadarkarai Murugan
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Murugan, K., Vadivalagan, C., Karthika, P. et al. DNA barcoding and molecular evolution of mosquito vectors of medical and veterinary importance. Parasitol Res 115, 107–121 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4726-2

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