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Sulphur responsiveness of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LHCBM9 promoter

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Abstract

Main conclusion

A 44-base-pair region in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LHCBM9 promoter is essential for sulphur responsiveness.

The photosynthetic light-harvesting complex (LHC) proteins play essential roles both in light capture, the first step of photosynthesis, and in photoprotective mechanisms. In contrast to the other LHC proteins and the majority of photosynthesis proteins, the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii photosystem II-associated LHC protein, LHCBM9, was recently reported to be up-regulated under sulphur deprivation conditions, which also induce hydrogen production. Here, we examined the sulphur responsiveness of the LHCBM9 gene at the transcriptional level, through promoter deletion analysis. The LHCBM9 promoter was found to be responsive to sulphur deprivation, with a 44-base-pair region between nucleotide positions −136 and −180 relative to the translation start site identified as essential for this response. Anaerobiosis was found to enhance promoter activity under sulphur deprivation conditions, however, alone was unable to induce promoter activity. The study of LHCBM9 is of biological and biotechnological importance, as its expression is linked to photobiological hydrogen production, theoretically the most efficient process for biofuel production, while the simplicity of using an S-deprivation trigger enables the development of a novel C. reinhardtii-inducible promoter system based on LHCBM9.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Ms Erin Ahern for constructing the initial LHCBM9 promoter vector (pLM) and for providing assistance with the preliminary cloning work, transformations and luciferase assays. The authors would also like to thank Dr Melanie Oey, for constructing the positive control vector, pMO59-luc, and for assistance with the cloning work. This work was supported by Grants to BH from the Australian Research Council (ARC) [Grant numbers DP130100346 and DP110101699] and an Australian Postgraduate Award scholarship to AS.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Author notes

  1. Anne L. Sawyer

    Present address: Arbeitsgruppe Photobiotechnologie, Fakultät für Biologie und Biotechnologie, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia

    Anne L. Sawyer, Ben D. Hankamer & Ian L. Ross

Authors
  1. Anne L. Sawyer
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  2. Ben D. Hankamer
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  3. Ian L. Ross
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Correspondence to Ian L. Ross.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

425_2015_2249_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 1 Appearance of cultures after sulphur deprivation. Photo of sulphur-replete (+S) and sulphur-deprived (−S) untransformed Stm6 (-ve) and full-length LHCBM9 promoter (L9) transformants after 48 h of S deprivation. (TIFF 17116 kb)

425_2015_2249_MOESM2_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 2 Time course of luciferase activity. Luciferase activity was measured for the full-length LHCBM9 promoter transformant L9_83b, the deletion construct transformant L9Δ2_4 and the constitutive control (pMO59-luc5) over a period of 6 to 56 h post sulphur deprivation. The experiment was performed in triplicate in a 96 well plate with 200 µL of culture under 40 µE m−2 s−1 constant white light. The negative control was untransformed Stm6. Luciferase activity is reported in relative light units (RLU). An exponential line of best fit was plotted. (TIFF 879 kb)

425_2015_2249_MOESM3_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 3 Extended time course of luciferase activity. Luciferase activity is shown for the full-length LHCBM9 promoter transformant L9_83b, the LHCBM9 promoter deletion transformant L9Δ2_4 and the constitutive control (pMO59-luc5) 48–78 h post sulphur deprivation. The experiment was performed in triplicate in a 96 well plate with 200 µL of culture under 40 µE m−2s−1 constant white light. Luciferase activity is reported in relative light units (RLU). An exponential line of best fit was plotted. Note that the high apparent luciferase activity seen in the negative controls (untransformed Stm6) was an artefact caused by an unknown stress as evidenced by a lighter green colour. (TIFF 897 kb)

425_2015_2249_MOESM4_ESM.tif

Supplementary material 4 LHCBM9 promoter replicates. Luciferase activity of the full-length LHCBM9 promoter transformant L9_83b, the LHCBM9 promoter deletion transformant L9Δ2_4 and the positive control pMO59-luc5 after 48 h of sulphur (S) deprivation. Luciferase activity is reported in relative light units (RLU) and fold induction is displayed above the respective columns. Circles represent the RLU value obtained for single transformants and the black and grey lines indicate the mean values. Nine biological replicates were performed for each construct. The negative control was untransformed Stm6. A Student’s t test showed that L9_83b and L9Δ2_4 had significantly higher luciferase activity under –S conditions (P < 0.01). (TIFF 131 kb)

425_2015_2249_MOESM5_ESM.docx

Supplementary material 5 Clustal W alignment of the major light harvesting complex promoters. The coding sequence and first 1 kb upstream of the translation start site (ATG) was aligned using the Clustal W multiple alignment tool. Putative sulphur responsive elements (SURE) and the ATG are highlighted. Note that although the complete coding sequences were aligned, only the first ~ 50 bp are displayed in this figure. (DOCX 21 kb)

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Sawyer, A.L., Hankamer, B.D. & Ross, I.L. Sulphur responsiveness of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LHCBM9 promoter. Planta 241, 1287–1302 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-015-2249-9

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