Abstract
Purpose
Regular physical activity induces oxidative stress but also causes adaptations in antioxidant defences including the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway, which activates target genes related to antioxidant defences such as uncoupling proteins (UCPs), and mitochondrial biogenesis mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). The aim of the study was to determine the effect of long-term training and acute exercise on oxidant/antioxidant status and the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs).
Methods
Twelve professional football players performed an 8-week exercise programme comprising a daily 2-h football training session. Blood samples were taken before and after the training season.
Results
The results reported a significant increase in antioxidant protein levels and in mitochondrial proteins in resting conditions after the 8-week training period. PGC1α, UCP-2 and mitofusin 2 protein levels also increased after acute exercise compared to pre-exercise levels. After the training, the expression of PGC1α, cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV and mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 messenger RNA (mRNA) significantly augmented after the acute physical activity compared to pre-exercise levels; while no changes occurred in these mRNA in basal conditions. NF-κB activation and ROS production reported a significant increase after acute exercise.
Conclusions
Training increases the levels of proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis and improves the antioxidant capabilities of mitochondria in PBMCs among well-trained football players. Acute exercise may act as an inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis through NF-κB activation and PGC1α gene expression.
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Abbreviations
- 18S:
-
Ribosomal 18S
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- cDNA:
-
Complementary DNA
- COX-IV:
-
Cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV
- CuZn-SOD:
-
Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase
- DCF:
-
Dichlorofluorescein
- DCFH-DA:
-
2,7-Dichlorofluorescin-diacetate
- DNA:
-
Desoxy-ribonucleic acid
- DRP-1:
-
Dynamin-related protein 1
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FIS-1:
-
Fission Protein 1
- HRmax :
-
Maximum heart rate
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GTPase:
-
Guanosine triphosphate hydrolase
- H2O2 :
-
Oxygen peroxide
- HIIT:
-
High-intensity interval training session
- PBMC:
-
Peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- MAPK:
-
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MAS:
-
Maximal aerobic speed (=vVO2max)
- MitND5:
-
Mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5
- Mn-SOD:
-
Mn superoxide dismutase
- mRNA:
-
Messenger RNA
- Mtf-1:
-
Mitofusin-1
- Mtf-2:
-
Mitofusin-2
- NRF-1:
-
Nuclear respiratory factor 1
- OPA-1:
-
Optic atrophy protein 1
- PGC-1α:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator
- PMA:
-
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- RIPA:
-
Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SEM:
-
Standard error of the mean
- SDS:
-
Sodium dodecylsulfate
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- Tfam:
-
Mitochondrial transcription factor A
- UCP-2:
-
Uncoupling protein 3
- UCP-3:
-
Uncoupling protein 3
- VO2max :
-
Maximal oxygen consumption
- vVO2max :
-
Velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (=MAS)
- WHR:
-
Waist–hip ratio
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Acknowledgements
Acción Estratégica en Salud del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación DPS2008-07033-C03-03, Programme of Promotion of Biomedical Research and Health Sciences (Projects PI11/01791 and PI14/00636, Red Predimed-RETIC RD06/0045/1004, CIBEROBN CB12/03/30038) and Balearic Island Government and FEDER funds (35/2011 and 23/2012). The authors hereby acknowledge the Ph.D. grant provided by the University of the Balearic Island and the FPI/1648/2014 grant provided by Conselleria d’Educació, Cultura i Universitats, Direcció General d’Universitats i Recerca, Govern de les Illes Balears.
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Busquets-Cortés, C., Capó, X., Martorell, M. et al. Training and acute exercise modulates mitochondrial dynamics in football players’ blood mononuclear cells. Eur J Appl Physiol 117, 1977–1987 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3684-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3684-z