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Cell death in development: shaping the embryo

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Abstract

Cell death in animals is normally classified as type I (apoptotic), type II (autophagic) or necrotic. Of the biologically controlled types of death, in most embryos apoptosis is the most common, although in metamorphosis and in cells with massive cytoplasm type II is often seen, and intermediate forms are seen. For vertebrate embryos other than mammals, apoptosis is not seen prior to gastrulation but thereafter is used to sculpt the organs of the embryo, while overproduction of cells with subsequent death of excess cells is a common means of generating high specificity with low information cost. In zebrafish at least, the inability of embryos prior to the maternal-zygotic transition to undergo apoptosis appears to derive from the inability of the cells to resist lysis once apoptosis begins, rather than any inhibition of apoptosis. In mammalian embryos, apoptosis is seen during cavitation. Thereafter, as in other embryos, cell death plays a major role in shaping and sculpting the embryo. In those situations that have been carefully studied, cell death is under tight genetic control (including regulation of gene products whose function in cell death is not yet known, such as cdk5), with activation of apoptosis sometimes regulated by local environmental variables.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Drs. Yong Zhu and Daniela Quaglino for their technical assistance. We would also like to thank NYC-LSAMP and MAGNET-AGEP, sponsored by NSF and the National Institutes of Health (MARC Minority Access to Research Careers) GM 070387-01 for their support.

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  1. Lin Lin

    Present address: Preclinical Department, Medarex Inc., Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Queens College and Graduate Center of CUNY, Flushing, NY, 11367, USA

    Carlos Penaloza, Lin Lin & Zahra Zakeri

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Jamaica, NY, 11439, USA

    Richard A. Lockshin

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  1. Carlos Penaloza
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Correspondence to Zahra Zakeri.

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Penaloza, C., Lin, L., Lockshin, R.A. et al. Cell death in development: shaping the embryo. Histochem Cell Biol 126, 149–158 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-006-0214-1

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