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Effects of soy intake on circulating levels of TNF-α and interleukin-6: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Abstract

Purpose

Pro-inflammatory mediators, including serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), can be used as biomarkers to indicate or monitor disease. This study was designed to ascertain the effects of soy products on TNF-α and IL-6 levels.

Methods

PubMed, EMBASE, Science Direct, Web of Science, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to November 2019 for RCTs around the effects of soy-based products on TNF-α and IL-6. A random effects model was used to calculate overall effect size.

Results

In total, 29 eligible publications were considered in the present systematic review, of which 25 were included in this meta-analysis. The overall effect of soy products on TNF-α and IL-6 levels failed to reach statistical significance (MD = − 0.07; 95% CI − 0.22–0.09; I2 50.9; MD = 0.03; 95% CI − 0.07–0.14; I2 42.1, respectively). According to a subgroup analysis, natural soy products led to a reduction in TNF-α concentration compared with processed soy products (MD = − 0.32; 95% CI − 0.45 to − 0.19; I2 0.0). Moreover, IL-6 reduction was stronger in participants who were affected by different diseases (MD = − 0.04; 95% CI − 0.07 to − 0.02; I2 0.0).

Conclusions

A review of RCTs published to November 2019 found that natural soy products are effective in lowering TNF-α levels. While the beneficial effects on reduction of IL-6 appeared stronger in individuals affected by different diseases, this finding cannot be generalized to all individuals affected by different diseases.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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There are no support from any organization for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted; and no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mahdieh Khodarahmi & Elaheh Foroumandi

  2. Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mahdieh Khodarahmi & Elaheh Foroumandi

  3. Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi

  4. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi

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  1. Mahdieh Khodarahmi
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  2. Elaheh Foroumandi
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  3. Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
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Contributions

MK designed this study. MK and EF searched the literature and extracted data. MK and MAJ analyzed data. MK and EF wrote the first draft of the manuscript and revised it. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Mahdieh Khodarahmi.

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Khodarahmi, M., Foroumandi, E. & Asghari Jafarabadi, M. Effects of soy intake on circulating levels of TNF-α and interleukin-6: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Nutr 60, 581–601 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02458-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02458-z

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