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Cytokinin and Ethylene Affect Auxin Transport-Dependent Rhizogenesis in Hypocotyls of Common Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.)

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Abstract

Hypocotyl explants of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum regenerated roots when cultured vertically with either the apical end (AE) or basal end (BE) in media containing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). IAA alone induced roots regularly from the basal end of the explants, either from the cut surface immersed in the medium or from the opposite side. The inhibitors of auxin efflux carriers, α-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), inhibited rhizogenesis only from AE-cultured explants, indicating the role of polar auxin transport in root regeneration in this system. Cytokinin (zeatin, kinetin, BAP) added to auxin-containing medium reduced rhizogenesis from the explants maintained with BE and AE and additionally changed the IAA-induced pattern of rooting in AE-cultured explants by favoring rooting from the apical end and middle part of the hypocotyl with its concomitant reduction from the basal end. The addition of kinetin did not influence the content of IAA in the explants maintained with AE, suggesting that the cytokinin effect on root patterning was not dependent on auxin biosynthesis. Kinetin, however, strongly enhanced ethylene production. The importance of ethylene in regulating PAT-dependent rhizogenesis was tested by using an ethylene antagonist AgNO3, an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), and a precursor of ethylene, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). AgNO3 applied together with IAA or with IAA and kinetin strongly reduced the production of ethylene, inhibited rhizogenesis, and induced nonregenerative callus from BE, suggesting the need for ethylene signaling to elicit the rhizogenic action of auxin. A reduction of rhizogenesis and decrease of ethylene biosynthesis was also caused by AVG. In addition, AVG at 10 μM reversed the effect of cytokinin on root patterning, resulting in roots emerging only from BE on the medium with IAA and kinetin. Conversely, ACC at 200 μM markedly enhanced the production of ethylene and partly mimicked the effect of cytokinin when applied with IAA alone, thus confirming that in cultured hypocotyls of ice plant, cytokinin affects IAA-induced rhizogenesis through an ethylene-dependent pathway.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Prof. Dr. Lech Michalczuk for the IAA assay. Financial support by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through a scholarship to RK is greatly acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Grodzka. 52, 31044, Kraków, Poland

    Robert Konieczny & Maria Pilarska

  2. Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Szczecin, ul. Wąska 13, 71415, Szczecin, Poland

    Jan Kępczyński & Danuta Cembrowska

  3. Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany

    Diedrik Menzel & Jozef Šamaj

  4. Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, 94901, Nitra, Slovak Republic

    Jozef Šamaj

  5. Faculty of Natural Sciences, Palacký University, 78971, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Jozef Šamaj

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  1. Robert Konieczny
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Correspondence to Robert Konieczny.

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Konieczny, R., Kępczyński, J., Pilarska, M. et al. Cytokinin and Ethylene Affect Auxin Transport-Dependent Rhizogenesis in Hypocotyls of Common Ice Plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.). J Plant Growth Regul 28, 331–340 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-009-9097-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-009-9097-4

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