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The last refugia for a polar relict pollinator: isolates of Bombus glacialis on Novaya Zemlya and Wrangel Island indicate its broader former range in the Pleistocene

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Abstract

Bombus glacialis Friese, 1902 is an Arctic bumblebee that was thought to have a disjunctive range on the Arctic Ocean Islands, i.e., on Novaya Zemlya and Wrangel Island, with a 3600 km gap between these isolates. While the species status of the Novaya Zemlya’s population was recently confirmed using a molecular approach, its close affinities to the Wrangel’s isolate were proposed by a morphological similarity alone. Here, we report that B. glacialis samples from Wrangel share three unique COI haplotypes, which are closely related to each other and to those inferred from samples from Novaya Zemlya. Based on a combination of diagnostic morphological and molecular characters, the Wrangel’s population is described here as a new subspecies, Bombus glacialis marinae ssp. nov. Our novel data indicate that this species can be considered a polar relict that had had a much broader distribution along the continental margin of Eurasia during the Pleistocene. The two subspecies of B. glacialis were likely separated in the Middle Pleistocene (mean age = 0.27 Myr, 95% CI = 0.12–0.46 Myr) due to increasing of the sea level during an interglacial. The Novaya Zemlya Archipelago supported a B. glacialis population in the Late Pleistocene. Hence, this insular land was not covered completely by ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum. Our findings highlight that relict cold-adapted Pleistocene lineages still survive on remote islands in the Arctic Ocean and that such lineages are highly threatened by recent climate warming.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr. Juho Paukkunen (Finnish Museum of Natural History, Helsinki) and two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on earlier versions of the manuscript. The authors are grateful to the staff and the director of the State Natural Reserve “Wrangel Island” Dr. A.R. Gruzdev, the chief of the Russian-Swedish Expedition “Arctic Islands—2017” Dr. A.N. Tikhonov (Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia) and Prof. Anders Angerbjörn (Zoological Institute of the University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden) for their help in organizing the field research on the Wrangel Island in 2017. Special thanks goes to Dr. O.A. Khruleva (Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow) and I.P. Oleinikov (The State Natural Reserve “Wrangel Island”) for their invaluable help in material collecting. The collection of bumblebees from Novaya Zemlya was performed within the framework of the ‘Floating University’ Scientific Expedition of the Northern Arctic Federal University in 2015 and 2017. This study was carried out using facilities of the Russian Museum of Biodiversity Hotspots, Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Arkhangelsk, Russia). Finally, we are indebted to the staff of the Natural History Museum (London, UK), the Tromsø University Museum (Tromsø, Norway), the Zoological Museum of Moscow University (Moscow, Russia), the Finnish Museum of Natural History (Helsinki, Finland), and the Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences (Saint Petersburg, Russia) for the opportunity to examine their collections.

Funding

This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (projects no. AAAA-A18-118011690221-0 to GSP and 0793-2020-0005 to INB). The molecular analyses of bumblebees were supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 19-14-00066 to AVK), and by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, RFBR (projects no. 18-44-292001 to AVK and 19-34-90012 to VMS).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. N. Laverov Federal Center for Integrated Arctic Research of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Northern Dvina Emb. 23, Arkhangelsk, 163000, Russia

    Grigory S. Potapov, Yulia S. Kolosova, Alexander V. Kondakov, Alena A. Tomilova, Vitaly M. Spitsyn, Alisa A. Zheludkova, Natalia A. Zubrii, Boris Yu. Filippov & Ivan N. Bolotov

  2. Entomology Department of the Moscow Zoo, B. Gruzinskaya 1, Moscow, 123242, Russia

    Mikhail V. Berezin

  3. Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Northern Dvina Emb. 17, Arkhangelsk, 163002, Russia

    Alexander V. Kondakov, Natalia A. Zubrii & Ivan N. Bolotov

  4. Saint-Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia

    Alexander V. Kondakov & Ivan N. Bolotov

Authors
  1. Grigory S. Potapov
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  2. Mikhail V. Berezin
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  3. Yulia S. Kolosova
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  4. Alexander V. Kondakov
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  5. Alena A. Tomilova
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  6. Vitaly M. Spitsyn
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  7. Alisa A. Zheludkova
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Contributions

INB, GSP, and MVB developed the concept of this study. MVB, VMS, GSP, AAZ, NAZ, and BYF collected samples. AVK and AAT designed and processed molecular analyses. MVB, GSP, and YSK performed morphological research. GSP photographed the specimens. MVB took images of habitats. GSP wrote the paper, with input from MVB, INB, YSK, and AVK. INB improved the language of the paper. All the co-authors discussed and approved the final version of the paper.

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Correspondence to Grigory S. Potapov.

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Potapov, G.S., Berezin, M.V., Kolosova, Y.S. et al. The last refugia for a polar relict pollinator: isolates of Bombus glacialis on Novaya Zemlya and Wrangel Island indicate its broader former range in the Pleistocene. Polar Biol 44, 1691–1709 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-021-02912-6

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