Abstract
Electrical activity plays an important role in plant life; in particular, electrical responses can participate in the reception of the action of stressors (local electrical responses and oscillations) and signal transduction into unstimulated parts of the plant (action potential, variation potential and system potential). Understanding the mechanisms of electrical responses and subsequent changes in physiological processes and the prediction of plant responses to stressors requires the elaboration of mathematical models of electrical activity in plant organisms. Our review describes approaches to the simulation of plant electrogenesis and summarizes current models of electrical activity in these organisms. It is shown that there are numerous models of the generation of electrical responses, which are based on various descriptions (from modifications of the classical Hodgkin–Huxley model to detailed models, which consider ion transporters, regulatory processes, buffers, etc.). A moderate number of works simulate the propagation of electrical signals using equivalent electrical circuits, systems of excitable elements with local electrical coupling and descriptions of chemical signal propagation. The transmission of signals from a plasma membrane to intracellular compartments (endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole) during the generation of electrical responses is much less modelled. Finally, only a few works simulate plant physiological changes that are connected with electrical responses or investigate the inverse problem: reconstruction of the type and parameters of stimuli through the analysis of electrical responses. In the conclusion of the review, we discuss future perspectives on the simulation of electrical activity in plants.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aditya K, Udupa G, Lee Y (2011) Development of bio-machine based on the plant response to external stimuli. J Robot. doi:10.1155/2011/124314
Beilby MJ (1981) Excitation-revealed changes in cytoplasmic Cl- concentration in “Cl–starved” Chara cells. J Membr Biol 62:207–218
Beilby MJ (1982) C1- channels in Chara. R Soc Lond B 299:435–445
Beilby MJ (1984) Current-voltage characteristics of the proton pump at Chara plasmalemma: I. pH dependence. J Membr Biol 81:113–125
Beilby MJ (2007) Action potential in Charophytes. Int Rev Cytol 257:43–82
Beilby MJ, Al Khazaaly SA (2016) Re-modeling Chara action potential: I. from Thiel model of Ca2+ transient to action potential form. AIMS. Biophysics 3(3):431–449
Beilby MJ, Casanova MT (2014) The physiology of characean cells. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Beilby MJ, Coster HGL (1979) The action potential in Chara coralline: III. The Hodgkin-Huxley parameters for the plasmalemma. Aust J Plant Physiol 6:355–365
Biskup B, Gradmann D, Thiel G (1999) Calcium release from InsP3-sensitive internal stores initiates action potential in Chara. FEBS Lett 453:72–76
Blatt MR (1987) Electrical characteristics of stomatal guard cells: The contribution of ATP-dependent, “electrogenic” transport revealed by current-voltage and difference-current-voltage analysis. J Membr Biol 98:257–274
Bulychev AA, Vredenberg WJ (1995) Enchancement of the light-triggered electrical response in plant cells following their de-energisation witch uncouplers. Physiol Plant 94:64–70
Chatterjee SK, Ghosh S, Das S, Manzella V, Vitaletti A, Masi E, Santopolo L, Mancuso S, Maharatna K (2014) Forward and inverse modelling approaches for prediction of light stimulus from electrophysiological response in plants. Measurement 53:101–116
Chatterjee SK, Das S, Maharatna K, Masi E, Santopolo L, Mancuso S, Vitaletti A (2015) Exploring strategies for classification of external stimuli using statistical features of the plant electrical response. J R Soc Interface 12:20141225
Chen Z-H, Hills A, Bätz U, Amtmann A, Lew VL, Blatt MR (2012) Systems dynamic modeling of the stomatal guard cell. Predicts emergent behaviors in transport, signaling, and volume control. Plant Physiol 159:1235–1251
Chen Y, Zhao D-J, Wang Z-Y, Wang Z-Y, Tang G, Huang L (2016) Plant electrical signal classification based on waveform similarity. Algorithms 9:70
Dreyer I, Blatt MR (2009) What makes a gate? The ins and outs of Kv-like K+ channels in plants. Trends Plant Sci 14:383–390
Dziubinska H, Filek M, Koscielniak J, Trebacz K (2003) Variation and action potentials evoked by thermal stimuli accompany enhancement of ethylene emission in distant nonstimulated leaves of Vicia faba minor seedlings. J Plant Physiol 160:1203–1210
Felle HH, Zimmermann MR (2007) Systemic signaling in barley through action potentials. Planta 226:203–214
Filek M, Kościelniak J (1997) The effect of wounding the roots by high temperature on the respiration rate of the shoot and propagation of electric signal in horse bean seedlings (Vicia faba L. minor). Plant Sci 123:39–46
Fisahn J, Hansen UP, Lucas WJ (1992) Reaction kinetic model of a proposed plasma membrane two-cycle H+-transport system of Chara corallina. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:3261–3265
Fisahn J, Herde O, Willmitzer L, Peña-Cortés H (2004) Analysis of the transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+ during the action potential of higher plants with high temporal resolution: requirement of Ca2+ transients for induction of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and PINII gene expression. Plant Cell Physiol 45:456–459
Fromm J (1991) Control of phloem unloading by action potentials in Mimosa. Physiol Plant 83:529–533
Fromm J, Bauer T (1994) Action potentials in maize sieve tubes change phloem translocation. J Exp Bot 45:463–469
Fromm J, Fei H (1998) Electrical signaling and gas exchange in maize plants of drying soil. Plant Sci 132:203–213
Fromm J, Lautner S (2007) Electrical signals and their physiological significance in plants. Plant, Cell Environ 30:249–257
Furch ACU, Zimmermann MR, Will T, Hafke JB, van Bel AJE (2010) Remote-controlled stop of phloem mass flow by biphasic occlusion in Cucurbita maxima. J Exp Bot 61:3697–3708
Gallé A, Lautner S, Flexas J, Fromm J (2015) Environmental stimuli and physiological responses: the current view on electrical signalling. Environ Exp Bot 114:15–21
Garkusha IV, Petrov VA, Vasiliev VA, Romanovsky YuM (2002) Propagating of bioelectric potentials in green plants’ conducting system. Mathematical modeling and experiment. Proc SPIE 4707:384–394
Gerhardt M, Schuster H, Tyson JJ (1990) A cellular automation model of excitable media including curvature and dispersion. Science 247:1563–1566
Gilroy S, Białasek M, Suzuki N, Górecka M, Devireddy AR, Karpiński S, Mittler R (2016) ROS, calcium, and electric signals: key mediators of rapid systemic signaling in plants. Plant Physiol 171:1606–1615
Gradmann D (1976) “Metabolic” action potentials in Acetabularia. J Membr Biol 29:23–45
Gradmann D (2001a) Impact of apoplast volume on ionic relations in plant cells. J Membr Biol 184:61–69
Gradmann D (2001b) Models for oscillations in plants. Aust J Plant Physiol 28:577–590
Gradmann D, Boyd M (1995) Membrane voltage of marine phytoplankton, measured in the diatom Coscinodiscus radiatus. Mar Biol 123:645–650
Gradmann D, Boyd CM (2005) Apparent charge of binding site in ion-translocating enzymes: kinetic impact. Eur Biophys J 34:353–357
Gradmann D, Buschmann P (1997) Oscillatory interactions between voltage gated electroenzymes. J Exp Bot 48:399–404
Gradmann D, Hoffstadt J (1998) Electrocoupling of ion transporters in plants: interaction with internal ion concentrations. J Membr Biol 166:51–59
Gradmann D, Blatt MR, Thiel G (1993) Electrocoupling of ion transporters in plants. J Membr Biol 136:327–332
Graham JS, Hall G, Pearce G, Ryan CA (1986) Regulation of proteinase inhibitors I and II mRNAs in leaves of wounded tomato plants. Planta 169:399–405
Grams TEE, Koziolek C, Lautner S, Matyssek R, Fromm J (2007) Distinct roles of electric and hydraulic signals on the reaction of leaf gas exchange upon re-irrigation in Zea mays L. Plant, Cell Environ 30:79–84
Grams TE, Lautner S, Felle HH, Matyssek R, Fromm J (2009) Heat-induced electrical signals affect cytoplasmic and apoplastic pH as well as photosynthesis during propagation through the maize leaf. Plant, Cell Environ 32:319–326
Hansen U-P, Gradmann D, Sanders D, Slayman CL (1981) Interpretation of current-voltage relationships for “active” ion transport systems: I. Steady-state reaction-kinetic analysis of class-I mechanisms. J Membr Biol 63:165–190
Hansen U-P, Tittor J, Gradmann D (1983) Interpretation of current-voltage relationships for “active” ion transport systems: II. Nonsteady-state reaction kinetic analysis of class-I mechanisms with one slow time-constant. J Membr Biol 75:141–169
Hauser H, Levine BA, Williams RJP (1976) Interactions of ions with membranes. Trends Biochem Sci 1:278–281
Hedrich R, Salvador-Recatalà V, Dreyer I (2016) Electrical wiring and long-distance plant communication. Trends Plant Sci 21:376–387
Hills A, Chen Z-H, Amtmann A, Blatt MR, Lew VL (2012) OnGuard, a computational platform for quantitative kinetic modeling of guard cell physiology. Plant Physiol 159:1026–1042
Hlavinka J, Nožková-Hlaváčková V, Floková K, Novák O, Nauš J (2012) Jasmonic acid accumulation and systemic photosynthetic and electrical changes in locally burned wild type tomato, ABA-deficient sitiens mutants and sitiens pretreated by ABA. Plant Physiol Biochem 54:89–96
Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952) A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol 117:500–544
Katicheva L, Sukhov V, Akinchits E, Vodeneev V (2014) Ionic nature of burn-induced variation potential in wheat leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 55:1511–1519
Katicheva L, Sukhov V, Bushueva A, Vodeneev V (2015) Evaluation of the open time of calcium channels at variation potential generation in wheat leaf cells. Plant Signal Behav 10:e993231
Krol E, Trebacz K (1999) Calcium-dependent voltage transients evoked by illumination in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Plant Cell Physiol 40:17–24
Krol E, Dziubinska H, Trebacz K (2003) Low-temperature induced transmembrane potential changes in the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Plant Cell Physiol 44:527–533
Krol E, Dziubińska H, Trebacz K (2004) Low-temperature-induced transmembrane potential changes in mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, Helianthus annuus and Vicia faba. Physiol Plant 120:265–270
Krol E, Dziubinska H, Stolarz M, Trebacz K (2006) Effects of ion channel inhibitors on cold- and electrically-induced action potentials in Dionaea muscipula. Biol Plant 50:411–416
Król E, Dziubińska H, Trebacz K (2010) What do plants need action potentials for? In: Action Potential: DuBois ML (ed.) Biophysical and Cellular Context, Initiation, Phases and Propagation. Nova Science Publishers, New York, pp 1-26
Krupenina NA, Bulychev AA (2007) Action potential in a plant cell lowers the light requirement for non-photochemical energy-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim Biophys Acta 1767:781–788
Läuger P, Stark G (1970) Kinetics of carrier-mediated ion transport across lipid bilayer membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 211:458–466
Lautner S, Grams TEE, Matyssek R, Fromm J (2005) Characteristics of electrical signals in poplar and responses in photosynthesis. Plant Physiol 138:2200–2209
Lautner S, Stummer M, Matyssek R, Fromm J, Grams TEE (2014) Involvement of respiratory processes in the transient knockout of net CO2 uptake in Mimosa pudica upon heat stimulation. Plant, Cell Environ 37:254–260
León J, Rojo E, Sánchez-Serrano JJ (2001) Wound signaling in plant. J Exp Bot 52:1–9
Malone M (1994) Wound-induced hydraulic signals and stimulus transmission in Mimosa pudica L. New Phytol 128:49–56
Mancuso S (1999) Hydraulic and electrical transmission of wound-induced signals in Vitis vinifera. Aust J Plant Physiol 26:55–61
Maśka M, Pietruszka M (1995) On the φ 4 field theoretical model for the action potential. J Biol Phys 21:211–222
Minguet-Parramona C, Wang Y, Hills A, Vialet-Chabrand S, Griffiths H, Rogers S, Lawson T, Lew VL, Blatt MR (2016) An optimal frequency in Ca2+ oscillations for stomatal closure is an emergent property of ion transport in guard cells. Plant Physiol 170:33–42
Mousavi SAR, Chauvin A, Pascaud F, Kellenberger S, Farmer EE (2013) Glutamate receptor-like genes mediate leaf-to-leaf wound signalling. Nature 500:422–426
Mummert H, Gradmann D (1991) Action potentials in Acetabularia: measurement and simulation of voltage-gated fluxes. J Membr Biol 124:265–273
Murata N, Los DA (1997) Membrane fluidity and temperature perception. Plant Physiol 115:875–879
Nayyar H (2003) Calcium as environmental sensor in plants. Curr Sci 84:893–902
Nedbal L, Červený J, Schmidt H (2009) Scaling and integration of kinetic models of photosynthesis: towards comprehensive e-photosynthesis. In: Laisk A, Nedbal L, Govindjee (eds) Photosynthesis in silico. Understanding complexity from molecules to ecosystems. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 17–29
Novikova EM, Vodeneev VA, Sukhov VS (2017) Mathematical model of action potential in higher plants with account for the involvement of vacuole in the electrical signal generation. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser A 11:151–167
Opritov VA, Pyatygin SS, Retivin VG (1991) Bioelectrogenesis in higher plants. Nauka, Moscow [in Russian]
Opritov VA, Lobov SA, Pyatygin SS, Mysyagin SA (2005) Analysis of possible involvement of local bioelectric responses in chilling perception by higher plants exemplified by Cucurbita pepo Russ. J Plant Physiol 52:801–808
Othmer HG (1997) Signal transduction and second messenger systems. In: Othmer HG, Adler FR, Lewis MA, Dallon J (eds) Case studies in mathematical modeling — ecology, physiology and cell biology. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp 99–126
Pavlovič A, Slováková L, Pandolfi C, Mancuso S (2011) On the mechanism underlying photosynthetic limitation upon trigger hair irritation in the carnivorous plant Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis). J Exp Bot 62:1991–2000
Pietruszka M, Stolarek J, Pazurkiewicz-Kocot K (1997) Time evolution of the action potential in plant cells. J Biol Phys 23:219–232
Pikulenko MM, Bulychev AA (2005) Light-triggered action potentials and changes in quantum efficiency of photosystem II in Anthoceros cells. Russ J Plant Physiol 52:584–590
Pyatygin SS (2004) Role of plasma membrane in cold action perception in plant cells. Biol Membr (Moscow) 21:442–449
Pyatygin SS, Opritov VA, Khudyakov VA (1992) Subthreshold changes in excitable membranes of Cucurbita pepo L. stem cells during cooling-induced action-potential generation. Planta 186:161–165
Retivin VG, Opritov VA, Fedulina SB (1997) Generation of action potential induces preadaptation of Cucurbita pepo L. stem tissues to freezing injury. Russ J Plant Physiol 44:432–442
Retivin VG, Opritov VA, Lobov SA, Tarakanov SA, Khudyakov VA (1999) Changes in the resistance of photosynthesizing cotyledon cells of pumpkin seedlings to cooling and heating, as induced by the stimulation of the root system with KCl solution. Russ J Plant Physiol 46:689–696
Rhodes JD, Thain J, Wildon DC (1999) Evidence for physically distinct systemic signaling pathways in the wounded tomato plant. Ann Bot 84:109–116
Roth A (1996) Water transport in xylem conduits with ring thickenings. Plant, Cell Environ 19:622–629
Shabala S (2000) Ionic and osmotic components of salt stress specifically modulate net ion fluxes from bean leaf mesophyll. Plant, Cell Environ 23:825–837
Shabala S (2003) Physiological implications of ultradian oscillations in plant roots. Plant Soil 255:217–226
Shabala S, Knowles A (2002) Rhythmic patterns of nutrient acquisition by wheat roots. Funct Plant Biol 29:595–605
Shabala S, Newman I (1999) Light-induced changes in hydrogen, calcium, potassium, and chloride ion fluxes and concentrations from the mesophyll and epidermal tissues of bean leaves. Understanding the ionic basis of light-induced bioelectrogenesis. Plant Physiol 119:1115–1124
Shabala S, Shabala L, Gradmann D, Chen Z, Newman I, Mancuso S (2006) Oscillations in plant membrane transport: model predictions, experimental validation, and physiological implications. J Exp Bot 57:171–184
Shepherd VA, Beilby MJ, Al Khazaaly SA, Shimmen T (2008) Mechano-perception in Chara cells: the influence of salinity and calcium on touch-activated receptor potentials, action potentials and ion transport. Plant, Cell Environ 31:1575–1591
Sherstneva ON, Vodeneev VA, Katicheva LA, Surova LM, Sukhov VS (2015) Participation of intracellular and extracellular pH changes in photosynthetic response development induced by variation potential in pumpkin seedlings. Biochemistry (Moscow) 80:776–784
Sherstneva ON, Surova LM, Vodeneev VA, Plotnikova YuI, Bushueva AV, Sukhov VS (2016a) The role of the intra- and extracellular protons in the photosynthetic response induced by the variation potential in pea seedlings. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser A 10:60–67
Sherstneva ON, Vodeneev VA, Surova LM, Novikova EM, Sukhov VS (2016b) Application of a mathematical model of variation potential for analysis of its influence on photosynthesis in higher plants. Biochem Moscow Suppl Ser A 10:269–277
Sibaoka T (1991) Rapid plant movements triggered by action potentials. Bot Mag Tokyo 104:73–95
Sibaoka T, Tabata T (1981) Electrotonic coupling between adjacent internodal cells of Chara braunii: Transmission of action potentials beyond the node. Plant Cell Physiol 22:397–411
Sokolik AI, Visotskaya Zh, Krytynskaya E, Yurin V (2001) Interaction of ion-transport mechanisms at the plasmalemma of plant cells. Plant Nutr 92:200–201
Stahlberg R, Cosgrove DJ (1997) The propagation of slow wave potentials in pea epicotyls. Plant Physiol 113:209–217
Stahlberg R, Cleland RE, van Volkenburgh E (2006) Slow wave potentials – a propagating electrical signal unique to higher plants. In: Baluška F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D (eds) Communication in plants. Neuronal aspects of plant life. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp 291–309
Sukhov V (2016) Electrical signals as mechanism of photosynthesis regulation in plants. Photosynth Res 130:373–387
Sukhov V, Vodeneev V (2009) A mathematical model of action potential in cells of vascular plants. J Membr Biol 232:59–67
Sukhov V, Nerush V, Orlova L, Vodeneev V (2011a) Simulation of action potential propagation in plants. J Theor Biol 291:47–55
Sukhov VS, Nerush VN, Vodeneev VA (2011b) An investigation of an action potential propagation in vascular plant using FitzHugh-Nagumo model. Comput Res Model 3:77–84 (in Russian)
Sukhov V, Orlova L, Mysyagin S, Sinitsina J, Vodeneev V (2012) Analysis of the photosynthetic response induced by variation potential in geranium. Planta 235:703–712
Sukhov V, Akinchits E, Katicheva L, Vodeneev V (2013) Simulation of variation potential in higher plant cells. J Membr Biol 246:287–296
Sukhov V, Sherstneva O, Surova L, Katicheva L, Vodeneev V (2014a) Proton cellular influx as a probable mechanism of variation potential influence on photosynthesis in pea. Plant, Cell Environ 37:2532–2541
Sukhov V, Surova L, Sherstneva O, Vodeneev V (2014b) Influence of variation potential on resistance of the photosynthetic machinery to heating in pea. Physiol Plant 152:773–783
Sukhov V, Surova L, Sherstneva O, Bushueva A, Vodeneev V (2015a) Variation potential induces decreased PSI damage and increased PSII damage under high external temperatures in pea. Funct Plant Biol 42:727–736
Sukhov V, Surova L, Sherstneva O, Katicheva L, Vodeneev V (2015b) Variation potential influence on photosynthetic cyclic electron flow in pea. Front Plant Sci 5:766
Sukhov V, Surova L, Morozova E, Sherstneva O, Vodeneev V (2016) Changes in H+-ATP synthase activity, proton electrochemical gradient, and pH in pea chloroplast can be connected with variation potential. Front Plant Sci 7:1092
Surova L, Sherstneva O, Vodeneev V, Katicheva L, Semina M, Sukhov V (2016a) Variation potential-induced photosynthetic and respiratory changes increase ATP content in pea leaves. J Plant Physiol 202:57–64
Surova L, Sherstneva O, Vodeneev V, Sukhov V (2016b) Variation potential propagation decreases heat-related damage of pea photosystem I by 2 different pathways. Plant Sign Behav 11:e1145334
Trebacz K, Sievers A (1998) Action potentials evoked by light in traps of Dionaea muscipula Ellis. Plant Cell Physiol 39:369–372
Trebacz K, Tarnecki R, Zawadzki T (1989) The effect of ionic channel inhibitors and factors modifying metabolism on the excitability of the liverwort Conocephalum conicum. Physiol Plant 75:24–30
Trebacz K, Dziubinska H, Krol E (2006) Electrical signals in long-distance communication in plants. In: Baluška F, Mancuso S, Volkmann D (eds) Communication in plants. Neuronal aspects of plant life. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, pp 277–290
Tsaplev YB, Zatsepina GN (1980) Electric nature of variable potential propagation in tradescantia. Biofizika 25:708–712
Vodeneev VA, Opritov VA, Pyatygin SS (2006) Reversible changes of extracellular ph during action potential generation in a higher plant Cucurbita pepo. Russ J Plant Physiol 53:481–487
Vodeneev VA, Akinchits EK, Orlova LA, Sukhov VS (2011) The role of Ca2+, H+, and Cl– ions in generation of variation potential in pumpkin plants. Russ J Plant Physiol 58:974–981
Vodeneev V, Orlova A, Morozova E, Orlova L, Akinchits E, Orlova O, Sukhov V (2012) The mechanism of propagation of variation potentials in wheat leaves. J Plant Physiol 169:949–954
Vodeneev V, Akinchits E, Sukhov V (2015) Variation potential in higher plants: mechanisms of generation and propagation. Plant Sign Behav 10:e1057365
Vodeneev VA, Katicheva LA, Sukhov VS (2016) Electrical signals in higher plants: mechanisms of generation and propagation. Biophysics 61:505–512
Vodeneev V, Mudrilov M, Akinchits E, Balalaeva I, Sukhov V (2017) Parameters of electrical signals and photosynthetic responses induced by them in pea seedlings depend on the nature of stimulus. Funct Plant Biol. doi:10.1071/FP16342
Volkov AG, Carrell H, Markin VS (2009) Biologically closed electrical circuits in Venus flytrap. Plant Physiol 149:1661–1667
Volkov AG, Foster JC, Markin VS (2010) Signal transduction in Mimosa pudica: biologically closed electrical circuits. Plant, Cell Environ 33:816–827
Volkov AG, Reedus J, Mitchell CM, Tuckett C, Volkova MI, Markin VS, Chua L (2014) Memory elements in the electrical network of Mimosa pudica L. Plant Signal Behav 9:e982029
Volkov AG, Nyasani EK, Tuckett C, Scott JM, Jackson MM, Greeman EA, Greenidge AS, Cohen DO, Volkova MI, Shtessel YB (2017) Electrotonic potentials in Aloe vera L.: effects of intercellular and external electrodes arrangement. Bioelectrochemistry 113:60–68
Wacke M, Thiel G (2001) Electrically triggered all-or-none Ca2+-liberation during action potential in the giant alga Chara. J Gen Physiol 118:11–21
Wacke M, Thiel G, Hütt M-T (2003) Ca2+ dynamics during membrane excitation of green alga Chara: model simulations and experimental data. J Membr Biol 191:179–192
Weiss M, Elmer F-J (1997) Dry friction in the Frenkel-Kontorova-Tomlinson model: dynamical properties. Z Phys B 104:55–69
Williamson RE, Ashley CC (1982) Free Ca2+ and cytoplasmic streaming in the alga Chara. Nature 296:647–651
Zhao DJ, Wanga Z-Y, Li J, Wena X, Liu A, Huanga L, Wangd X-D, Houd R-F, Wang C (2013) Recording extracellular signals in plants: a modeling and experimental study. Math Comput Model 58:556–563
Zhao DJ, Chen Y, Wang ZY, Xue L, Mao TL, Liu YM, Wang ZY, Huang L (2015) High-resolution non-contact measurement of the electrical activity of plants in situ using optical recording. Sci Rep 5:13425
Zimmermann MR, Maischak H, Mithöfer A, Boland W, Felle HH (2009) System potentials, a novel electrical long-distance apoplastic signal in plants, induced by wounding. Plant Physiol 149:1593–1600
Zimmermann MR, Mithöfer A, Will T, Felle HH, Furch ACU (2016) Herbivore-triggered electrophysiological reactions: candidates for systemic signals in higher plants and the challenge of their identification. Plant Physiol 170:2407–2419
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Contract No. 6.3199.2017/PCh) and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 16-04-01694 A).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sukhova, E., Akinchits, E. & Sukhov, V. Mathematical Models of Electrical Activity in Plants. J Membrane Biol 250, 407–423 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-017-9969-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00232-017-9969-7