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Contralateral and ipsilateral motor activation in visual simple reaction time: a test of the hemispheric coactivation model

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Abstract

Motor potentials contralateral versus ipsilateral to the responding hand were examined in a visual simple reaction time (RT) experiment in order to test the hemispheric coactivation model of Miller (Cogn Psychol 49:118–154, 2004). Visual stimuli were presented on the left side of fixation, on the right side, or on both sides, and in the RT task participants had to respond as quickly as possible to the onset of any stimulus. The same stimulus displays were also presented in a counting task, for which participants had merely to count the stimuli. Hemisphere-specific movement-related potentials contralateral and ipsilateral to the responding hand were isolated by subtracting count-task ERPs from RT-task ERPs. Consistent with the hemispheric coactivation model, there was evidence of movement-related ipsilateral positivity as well as contralateral negativity, suggesting that the motor areas of both hemispheres contribute to response initiation in simple RT. The distinction between contralateral and ipsilateral motor activation appears useful in clarifying the roles of the two hemispheres in response initiation.

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Notes

  1. For simplicity, this description ignores subcortical connections between hemispheres in split-brain individuals, which are in any case too slow to have much impact in typical RT tasks.

  2. The stimulus-related asymmetries could arise either from pure sensory processing of stimuli to the left and right of fixation or from attentional shifts toward the stimulated location of the visual field (Praamstra and Oostenveld 2003), or indeed from a combination of these two sources. Because these two sources of stimulus-related asymmetries are secondary to the present concerns and are confounded in the present studies, I will not pursue this distinction.

  3. Although LRP onset latencies are not the main concern of the present study, they are relevant to the issue of whether redundancy gain speeds motor processes (e.g., Mordkoff et al. 1996). To assess the effects of redundancy on the present stimulus-locked and response-locked LRP onset latencies, these latencies were scored using the jackknife-based methods recommended by Miller et al. (1998), with stimulus-locked and response-locked onsets defined as the points at which the LRPs reached 50 and 90% of their maxima, respectively. Stimulus-locked onset was 11 ms earlier in redundant trials than in single-stimulus trials, but this effect was not statistically reliable (P > 0.1). Response-locked onset was also 11 ms later in redundant trials than in single-stimulus trials, and this effect was reliable, F(1,15) = 9.90, P < 0.01. The significant effect of redundancy on response-locked LRP latency provides support for a motor explanation of at least part of the effect of redundancy on RT, as previously suggested by Giray and Ulrich (1993; but see Miller et al. 2001; Mordkoff et al. 1996; for evidence against a motor component).

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a grant from The Marsden Fund administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand. I thank Stephen and Erica Atkins for assistance in testing the participants, and Bernhard Hommel, Helmut Leuthold, Stefan Pollmann, Peter Praamstra, Rolf Ulrich, and two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on earlier versions of the article. Some results of this study were reported at the annual meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Toronto, 2005.

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Miller, J. Contralateral and ipsilateral motor activation in visual simple reaction time: a test of the hemispheric coactivation model. Exp Brain Res 176, 539–558 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0641-1

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