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Immunosensors for Biomarker Detection in Autoimmune Diseases

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  • Published:
Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis Aims and scope

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system generates proinflammatory molecules and autoantibodies that mistakenly attack their own body. Traditional diagnosis of autoimmune disease is primarily based on physician assessment combined with core laboratory tests. However, these tests are not sensitive enough to detect early molecular events, and quite often, it is too late to control these autoimmune diseases and reverse tissue damage when conventional tests show positivity for disease. It is fortunate that during the past decade, research in nanotechnology has provided enormous opportunities for the development of ultrasensitive biosensors in detecting early biomarkers with high sensitivity. Biosensors consist of a biorecognition element and a transducer which are able to facilitate an accurate detection of proinflammatory molecules, autoantibodies and other disease-causing molecules. Apparently, novel biosensors could be superior to traditional metrics in assessing the drug efficacy in clinical trials, especially when specific biomarkers are indicative of the pathogenesis of disease. Furthermore, the portability of a biosensor enables the development of point-of-care devices. In this review, various types of biomolecule sensing systems, including electrochemical, optical and mechanical sensors, and their applications and future potentials in autoimmune disease treatment were discussed.

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Abbreviations

APS:

Antiphospholipid syndrome

RA:

Rheumatoid arthritis

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

SS:

Systemic sclerosis

IBD:

Inflammatory bowel disease

ACPA:

Anti-citrullinated protein antibody

MWCNT–PS:

Multi-walled carbon nanotube–polystyrene

CFFSP1:

Chimeric fibrin–filaggrin synthetic peptide 1

HRP:

Horseradish peroxidase

ANCA:

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

SPCE:

Screen-printed carbon electrodes

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

SERS:

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

QCM:

Quartz crystal microbalance

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Acknowledgments

This work is partly supported by the Lupus Research Institute and the startup fund from the University of Houston (to T. Wu).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, 3605 Cullen Blvd, Houston, TX, 77204, USA

    Xuezhu Zhang, Amarayca Zambrano, Zuan-Tao Lin, Yikun Xing, Justin Rippy & Tianfu Wu

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  1. Xuezhu Zhang
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  2. Amarayca Zambrano
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  3. Zuan-Tao Lin
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  4. Yikun Xing
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  5. Justin Rippy
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  6. Tianfu Wu
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Correspondence to Tianfu Wu.

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Zhang, X., Zambrano, A., Lin, ZT. et al. Immunosensors for Biomarker Detection in Autoimmune Diseases. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. 65, 111–121 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00005-016-0419-5

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