Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pile in the Unsaturated Cracked Substrate with Reliability Assessment based on Neural Networks

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Published:
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, we present reliability assessments for a monopile socketed into a vertical fissured unsaturated substrate correlated with the degree of saturation. The pile was loaded by concentrated lateral force in a three-dimensional space. Procedures were prepared in the numerical analysis software FLAC 3D, fast lagrangian analysis of continua. FISH, a scripting language embedded within FLAC, was used to control the depth of cracks in unsaturated soil and manage a significant number of the calculations. The presented approach expands knowledge about piles loaded laterally and also the considerable influence of environmental changes. In the reliability part of the study, the excessive horizontal displacement of the pile head was examined as an implicit function. The analytical model of vertical water flux in the partially saturated soil was applied in connection with the iterative solution of the cracked depth of the substrate. The suction profile was estimated for a layer above the groundwater level. An important aspect of this paper is that the reliability analyses were prepared for this task in complex environmental conditions and with a horizontal load. All limit state functions were approximated following the response surface methodology, which was defined by neural networks based on modified perceptrons and was compared with well-known polynomials functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Arangio, S. (2012). “Reliability based approach for structural design and assessment: Performance criteria and indicators incurrent European codes and guidelines.” Int. J. Lifecycle Performance Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 64–91, DOI: 10.1504/IJLCPE.2012.051281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J., Kozubal, J., Puła, W., and Wyjadłowski, M. (2012). “Application of HDMR method to reliability assessment of a single pile subjected to lateral load.” Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 37–52, DOI: 10.2478/sgm031203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. and Puła, W. (1999). “Some remarks on application of response surface method in reliability computations.” Proc. The 7th International Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics, Balkema, Netherlands, pp. 221–228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. and Puła, W. (2000a). “Neural network supported response surface method with respect to reliability computations in geotechnics.” Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, Vol. 22, Nos. 3–4, pp. 103–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, J. and Puła, W. (2000b). “Reliability with respect to settlement limit-states of shallow foundations on linearly-deformable subsoil.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 26, Nos. 3–4, pp. 281–308, DOI: 10.1016/S0266-352X(99)00043-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Box, G. P. and Draper, N. R. (1996). Empirical model building and response surface, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bucher, C. G. and Bourgund, U. (1990). “A fast and efficient response surface approach for structural reliability problems.” Structural Safety, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 57–66, DOI: 10.1016/0167-4730(90)90012-E.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ditlevsen, O. and Madsen, H. O. (1996). Structural reliability Methods, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, Hoboken, NJ, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • EN 1990 (2002). Eurocode - Basic of structural design, EN 1990, European Committee for Standardization, Brussel, Belgium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelund, S. and Rackwitz, R. (1992). “Experiences with experimental design schemes for failure surface estimation and reliability.” Proc. The 6th Speciality Conference on Probabilistic Mechanics and Structural and Geotechnical Reliability, Denver, USA, pp. 252–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, C. C. and Long, J. H. (2005). “Assessment of existing methods for predicting soil response for laterally loaded piles in sand.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 274–289, DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.02.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faravelli, L. A. (1989). “A response surface approach for reliability analysis.” Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Vol. 115, No. 12, pp. 2763–2781, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:12(2763).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredlund, D. and Rahardjo, H. (1993). Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, DOI: 10.1002/9780470172759.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, M. and Rackwitz, R. (1988). “Updating first-and second-order reliability estimates by importance sampling.” Structural Eng. Erthquake Eng., JSCE, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 53–59, DOI: 10.2208/jscej.1988.392_53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, W. R. (1958). “Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table.” Soil Science, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 228–232, DOI: 10.1097/ 00010694-195804000-00006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haldar, S. and Sivakumar Babu, G. L. (2008). “Effect of soil spatial variability on the response of laterally loaded pile on undrained clay.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 537–547, DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.10.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • He, B., Wang, L., and Hong, Y. (2017). “Field testing of one-way and two-way cyclic lateral responses of single and jet-grouting reinforced piles in soft clay.” Acta Geotechnica, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 1–14, DOI: 10.1007/s11440-016-0515-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hohenbichler, M., Gollwitzer, S., Kruse, W., and Rackwitz, R. (1987). “New light on first and second-order reliability methods.” Structural Safety, Vol. 4, pp. 267–284, DOI: 10.1016/0167-4730(87)90002-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ISO 2394 (2000). General principles on reliability of structures, ISO 2394, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO 2394 (2015). General principles on reliability of structures, ISO 2394, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • JCSS 2001 (2001). Probabilistic model code. Part 1 - Basis of design, JCSS 2001, Joint Committee on Structural Safety, Lyngby, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kozubal, J., Galay, B., and Steshenko, D. (2014). “The improvement of loess substrates with a new type of soil column with a reliability assessment.” Road Materials and Pavement Design, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 856–871, DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2014.939695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kozubal, J., Puła, W., Wyjadłowski, M., and Bauer, J. (2013). “Influence of varying soil properties on evaluation of pile reliability under lateral loads.” Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 272–284, DOI: 10.3846/13923730.2012.756426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low, B. K. and Phoon, K. K. (2015). “Reliability based design and its complementary role to Eurocode 7 design approach.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 65, pp. 30–44, DOI: 10.1016/j.compgeo.2014.11.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, N. and Griffiths, D. V. (2004). “Profiles of steady-state suction stress in unsaturated soils.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 130, No. 10, pp. 1063–1076, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:10(1063).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marquardt, D. W. (1963). “An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters.” Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 431–441, DOI: 10.1137/0111030.

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Muszynski, Z. and Rybak J. (2014). “Some remarks on geodetic survey methods application in displacement measurements and capacity testing of injected and driven piles.” Proc. The 14th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference and EXPO (SGEM 2014), Albena, Bulgaria, Vol. 2, pp. 451–458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pidwirny, M. (2006). “Climate classification and climatic regions of the World.” Fundamentals of Physical Geography (2th Ed.), Cengage Learning, Boston, MA, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puła, W. (1997). “Reliability analysis of rigid piles subjected to lateral loads.” Proc. The 6th International Symposium on Numerical Models in Geomechanics, Montreal, Canada, pp. 521–526.

    Google Scholar 

  • Puła, W. and Zaskórski, Ł. (2015). “On some methods in safety evaluation in geotechnics.” Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 17–32, DOI: 10.1515/sgem-2015-0016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rackwitz, R. and Fiessler, B. (1978). “Structural reliability under combined random loads sequences.” Computers and Structures, No. 9, 489–494.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reese, L. C. and Van Impe, W. F. (2011). Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading, CRC Press, Balkema, Rotterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • STRUREL (2003). A structural reliability analysis program system, comrel & sysrel: Users manual, RCP Consult, München, Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tandjiria, V., Teh, C. I., and Low, B. K. (2000). “Reliability analysis of laterally loaded piles using response surface methods.” Structural Safety, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 335–355, DOI: 10.1016/S0167-4730(00)00019-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Genuchten, M. T. (1980). “A closed form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils.” Soil Science, Society of America Journal, Vol. 44, pp. 892–898, DOI: 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Not Applicable

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Geotechnics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland

    Janusz Vitalis Kozubal, Wojciech Puła & Mateusz Stach

Authors
  1. Janusz Vitalis Kozubal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wojciech Puła
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mateusz Stach
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janusz Vitalis Kozubal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kozubal, J.V., Puła, W. & Stach, M. Pile in the Unsaturated Cracked Substrate with Reliability Assessment based on Neural Networks. KSCE J Civ Eng 23, 3843–3853 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1537-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1537-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation