Skip to main content
Log in

CCV Scale: Development and Validation of Customer Co-Created Value Scale in E-Services

  • Published:
Current Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study aims to conceptualize, structure, refine and empirically validate a customer co-created value (CCV) scale. Two stage approach has been undertaken for conceptualizing value co-creation: stage 1 involved initial item generation for CCV through qualitative research and purification through exploratory factor analysis; stage 2 comprised validation of CCV using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling. Total 19 items were classified into the following five dimensions of CCV: relational, personal, economic, interactive, and experiential. Findings of the study reveal that co-created value significantly affects customer satisfaction. Based on various reliability and validity tests, the considered scale exhibits good psychometric properties. The study seeks to conceptualize and empirically measure value co-created in e-services context.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Agrawal, A. K., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Roles and resource contributions of customers in value co-creation. International Strategic Management Review, 3(1), 144–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, A. K., Kaushik, A. K., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Co-creation of social value through integration of stakeholders. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 189, 442–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J., & Gerbing, D. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnould, E. J., & Price, L. L. (1993). River magic: Extraordinary experience and the extended service encounter. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), 24–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babin, B., Darden, W., & Griffin, M. (1994). Work and/or fun: Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of Consumer Research, 20(4), 644–656.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R. P. (1975). Marketing as exchange. The Journal of Marketing, 39, 32–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R., & Heatherton, T. (1994). A general approach to representing multifaceted personality constructs: Application to state self-esteem. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1(1), 35–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bagozzi, R., Yi, Y., & Phillips, L. (1991). Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36(3), 421–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blasco-Arcas, L., Hernandez-Ortega, B., & Jimenez-Martinez, J. (2014). The online purchase as a context for co-creating experiences. Drivers of and consequences for customer behavior. Internet Research, 24(3), 393–412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, R., & Saxena-Iyer, S. (2009). Interactive services: A framework, synthesis and research directions. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 23(1), 91–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bratman, M. (1992). Shared cooperative activity. Philosophical Review, 101(2), 327–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne, B. M. (1994). Burnout: Testing for the validity, replication, and invariance of causal structure across elementary, intermediate, and secondary teachers. American Educational Research Journal, 31(3), 645–673.

  • Carbonell, P., Rodríguez-Escudero, A. I., & Pujari, D. (2009). Customer involvement in new service development: An examination of antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(5), 536–550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, K. W., Yim, C. K., & Lam, S. S. (2010). Is customer participation in value creation a doubleedged sword? Evidence from professional financial services across cultures. Journal of Marketing, 74(3), 48–64.

  • Chandler, J., & Wieland, H. (2010). Embedded relationships: Implications for networks, innovation, and ecosystems. Journal of Business Market Management, 4(4), 199–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S., & Raab, C. (2014). Construction and validation of the customer participation scale. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 41(2), 131–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, G. (1979). A paradigm for developing better measures of marketing constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1), 64–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damkuvienė, M., Tijūnaitienė, R., Petukienė, E., & Bersėnaitė, J. (2012). Customer perceived co-creation value: synthesis of the extant literature. Socialiniai Tyrimai, 4, 59–68.

  • Davis, F. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dong, B., Evans, K., & Zou, S. (2008). The effects of customer participation in co-created service recovery. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 123–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Echeverri, P., & Skalen, P. (2011). Co-creation and co-destruction: A practice-theory based study of interactive value formation. Marketing Theory, 11(3), 351–373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edvardsson, B., Enquist, B., & Johnston, R. (2005). Cocreating customer value through Hyperreality in the Prepurchase service experience. Journal of Service Research, 8(2), 149–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edvardsson, B., Tronvoll, B., & Gruber, T. (2011). Expanding understanding of service exchange and value co-creation: A social construction approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 39(2), 327–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, J., & Vasquez-Parraga, A. Z. (2015). The impact of choice on co-produced customer value creation and satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 32(1), 15–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Füller, J., Hutter, K., & Faullant, R. (2011). Why co‐creation experience matters? Creative experience and its impact on the quantity and quality of creative contributions. R&D Management, 41(3), 259–273.

  • Fyrberg Yngfalk, A. (2013). Its not us, its them! Rethinking value co-creation among multiple actors. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(9–10), 1163–1181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grãnroos, C. (2008). Service logic revisited: Who creates value? And who co-creates? European Business Review, 20(4), 298–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grãnroos, C. (2011). A service perspective on business relationships: The value creation, interaction and marketing interface. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 240–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grãnroos, C. (2012). Conceptualising value co-creation: A journey to the 1970s and back to the future. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(13–14), 1520–1534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grãnroos, C., & Ravald, A. (2011). Service as business logic: Implications for value creation and marketing. Journal of Service Management, 22(1), 5–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grãnroos, C., & Voima, P. (2013). Critical service logic: Making sense of value creation and co-creation. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 41(2), 133–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gummesson, E., & Mele, C. (2010). Marketing as value co-creation through network interaction and resource integration. Journal of Business Market Management, 4(4), 181–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, M. (2017). Corporate social responsibility, employee–company identification, and organizational commitment: Mediation by employee engagement. Current Psychology, 36(1), 101–109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis (Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 207-219). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall.

  • Haksever, C., Chaganti, R., & Cook, R. (2004). A model of value creation: Strategic view. Journal of Business Ethics, 49(3), 295–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardesty, D. M., & Bearden, W. O. (2004). The use of expert judges in scale development: Implications for improving face validity of measures of unobservable constructs. Journal of Business Research, 57(2), 98–107.

  • Harwood, T., & Garry, T. (2010). ˜It's mine!“ Participation and ownership within virtual co-creation environments”. Journal of Marketing Management, 26(3–4), 290–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen, K., Strandvik, T., & Voima, P. (2013). Customer dominant value formation in service. European Business Review, 25(2), 104–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilton, T., Hughes, T., & Chalcraft, D. (2012). Service co-creation and value realisation. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(13–14), 1504–1519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkin, T. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967–988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkin, T. (1998). A brief tutorial on the development of measures for use in survey questionnaires. Organizational Research Methods, 1(1), 104–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, M. (2006). Consumption experience, customer value, and subjective personal introspection: An illustrative photographic essay. Journal of Business Research, 59(6), 714–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holbrook, M., & Hirschman, E. (1982). The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research, 9(2), 132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollebeek, L., & Brodie, R. (2009). Wine service marketing, value co-creation and involvement: Research issues. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 21(4), 339–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, D. B. (1995). How consumers consume: A typology of consumption practices. Journal of Consumer Research, 22(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Homburg, C., & Rudolph, B. (2001). Customer satisfaction in industrial markets: dimensional and multiple role issues. Journal of Business Research, 52(1), 15–33.

  • Hsieh, P. (2015). Encounters in an online Brand Community: Development and validation of a metric for value co-creation by customers. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 18(5), 286–295.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaakkola, E., Helkkula, A., & Aarikka-Stenroos, L. (2015). Service experience co-creation: conceptualization, implications, and future research directions. Journal of Service Management, 26(2), 182–205.

  • Kaushik, A. K., Agrawal, A. K., & Rahman, Z. (2015). Tourist behaviour towards self-service hotel technology adoption: Trust and subjective norm as key antecedents. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 278–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, D., Kim, W., & Han, J. (2007). A perceptual mapping of online travel agencies and preference attributes. Tourism Management, 28(2), 591–603.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knoblich, G., Butterfill, S., & Sebanz, N. (2011). Psychological research on joint action: theory and data. In B. Ross (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation (Vol. 54, pp. 59–101). Burlington: Academic Press.

  • Kohler, T., Fueller, J., Matzler, K., Stieger, D., & Füller, J. (2011). Co-creation in virtual worlds: The design of the user experience. MIS Quarterly, 35(3), 773–788.

  • Limayem, M., Khalifa, M., & Frini, A. (2000). What makes consumers buy from internet? A longitudinal study of online shopping. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans, 30(4), 421–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J., & Hsieh, P. (2011). Assessing the self-service technology encounters: Development and validation of SSTQUAL scale. Journal of Retailing, 87(2), 194–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacCallum, R., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111(3), 490–504.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meuter, M. L., Bitner, M. J., Ostrom, A. L., & Brown, S. W. (2005). Choosing among alternative service delivery modes: An investigation of customer trial of self-service technologies. Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 61–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, P., Chase, R., & Margulies, N. (1983). Motivating the client/employee system as a service production strategy. The Academy of Management Review, 8(2), 301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller, S., Ciuchita, R., Mahr, D., Odekerken-Schröder, G., & Fassnacht, M. (2013). Uncovering collaborative value creation patterns and establishing corresponding customer roles. Journal of Service Research, 16(4), 471-487.

  • Mohd-Any, A. A., Winklhofer, H., & Ennew, C. (2015). Measuring users’ value experience on a travel website (e-value) what value is cocreated by the user?. Journal of Travel Research, 54(4), 496–510.

  • Nambisan, S., & Baron, R. (2009). Virtual customer environments: Testing a model of voluntary participation in value co-creation activities. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 26(4), 388–406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neghina, C., Caniëls, M. C., Bloemer, J. M., & van Birgelen, M. J. (2015). Value cocreation in service interactions: Dimensions and antecedents. Marketing Theory, 15(2), 221–242.

  • Normann, R., & Ramirez, R. (1993). From value chain to value constellation: Designing interactive strategy. Harvard Business Review, 71(4), 65–77.

  • Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric Theory (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

  • O’Hern, M. S., & Rindfleisch, A. (2010). Customer co-creation: A typology and research agenda. In Review of Marketing Research (Vol. 6, pp. 84–106). Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.. doi:10.1108/S1548-6435(2009)0000006008.

  • Palmatier, R., Dant, R., & Grewal, D. (2007). A comparative longitudinal analysis of theoretical perspectives of Interorganizational relationship performance. Journal of Marketing, 71(4), 172–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V., & Malhotra, A. (2005). E-S-QUAL: A multiple-item scale for assessing electronic service quality. Journal of Service Research, 7(3), 213–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J., & Ha, S. (2016). Co-creation of service recovery: Utilitarian and hedonic value and post-recovery responses. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 28, 310–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paswan, A. K., D'Souza, D., & Rajamma, R. K. (2014). Value co-creation through knowledge exchange in franchising. Journal of Services Marketing, 28(2), 116–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paulin, M., & Ferguson, R. (2010). Relational norms in interfirm exchanges: From transactional cost economics to the service-dominant logic. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 17(4), 365–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, A., & Holt, S. (2001). Diagnosing customer value: Integrating the value process and relationship marketing. British Journal of Management, 12(2), 159–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Penaloza, L., & Venkatesh, A. (2006). Further evolving the new dominant logic of marketing: From services to the social construction of markets. Marketing Theory, 6(3), 299–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plé, L., & Chumpitaz, R. (2010). Not always co-creation: Introducing interactional co-destruction of value in service dominant logic. Journal of Services Marketing, 24(6), 430–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2000). Co-opting customer competence. Harvard Business Review, 78(1), 79–90.

  • Prahalad, C. K., & Ramaswamy, V. (2004). Co-creating unique value with customers. Strategy & Leadership, 32(3), 4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prebensen, N. K., Kim, H., & Uysal, M. (2016). Cocreation as moderator between the experience value and satisfaction relationship. Journal of Travel Research, 55(7), 934–945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priem, R. (2007). A consumer perspective on value creation. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 219–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Purvis, M. K., & Purvis, M. A. (2012). Institutional expertise in the Service-Dominant Logic: Knowing how and knowing what. Journal of Marketing Management, 28(13-14), 1626–1641.

  • Ramaswamy, V. (2011). It's about human experiences¦ and beyond, to co-creation. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 195–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rihova, I., Buhalis, D., Moital, M., & Gouthro, M. (2014). Conceptualising customer-to-customer value co-creation in tourism. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(4), 356–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rintamäki, T., Kanto, A., Kuusela, H., & Spence, M. T. (2006). Decomposing the value of department store shopping into utilitarian, hedonic and social dimensions: Evidence from Finland. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 34(1), 6–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations. Free Press. New York.

  • Saarijärvi, H., Kannan, P. K., & Kuusela, H. (2013). Value co-creation: Theoretical approaches and practical implications. European Business Review, 25(1), 6–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Fernández, R., & Iniesta-Bonillo, M. Á. (2006). Consumer perception of value: literature review and a new conceptual framework. Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior, 19, 40–58.

  • Sánchez-Fernández, R., & Iniesta-Bonillo, M. Á. (2007). The concept of perceived value: a systematic review of the research. Marketing Theory, 7(4), 427–451.

  • Sánchez-González, G., & Herrera, L. (2014). Effects of customer cooperation on knowledge generation activities and innovation results of firms. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 17(4), 292–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segars, A. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: A paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth, J., Newman, B., & Gross, B. (1991). Why we buy what we buy: A theory of consumption values. Journal of Business Research, 22(2), 159–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smaliukiene, R., Chi-Shiun, L., & Sizovaite, I. (2014). Consumer value co-creation in online business: The case of global travel services. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 16(2), 325–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (1937). An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Рипол Классик.

  • Sweeney, J., & Soutar, G. (2001). Consumer perceived value: The development of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing, 77(2), 203–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 144–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler, R. (1985). Mental accounting and consumer choices. Marketing Science, 4(3), 199–214.

  • Tronvoll, B., Brown, S., Gremler, D., & Edvardsson, B. (2011). Paradigms in service research. Journal of Service Management, 22(5), 560–585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S. (2008). Customer integration and value creation: Paradigmatic traps and perspectives. Journal of Service Research, 11(2), 211–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S., & Lusch, R. (2004). Evolving to a new dominant logic for marketing. Journal of Marketing, 68(1), 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vargo, S., & Lusch, R. (2008a). Service-dominant logic: Continuing the evolution. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36(1), 1–10. 

  • Vargo, S., & Lusch, R. (2008b). From goods to service(s): Divergences and convergences of logics. Industrial Marketing Management, 37(3), 254–259.

  • Vargo, S., & Lusch, R. (2011). It's all B2B and beyond: Toward a systems perspective of the market. Industrial Marketing Management, 40(2), 181–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vega-Vazquez, M., Ãngeles Revilla-Camacho, M., & Cossío-Silva, F. (2013). The value co-creation process as a determinant of customer satisfaction. Management Decision, 51(10), 1945–1953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoef, P., Lemon, K., Parasuraman, A., Roggeveen, A., Tsiros, M., & Schlesinger, L. (2009). Customer experience creation: Determinants, dynamics and management strategies. Journal of Retailing, 85(1), 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verleye, K. (2015). The co-creation experience from the customer perspective: its measurement and determinants. Journal of Service Management, 26(2), 321–342.

  • Wang, Y., Po Lo, H., Chi, R., & Yang, Y. (2004). An integrated framework for customer value and customer relationship management performance: A customer based perspective from China. Managing Service Quality, 14(2/3), 169–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witell, L., Kristensson, P., Gustafsson, A., & Lafgren, M. (2011). Idea generation: Customer co-creation versus traditional market research techniques. Journal of Service Management, 22(2), 140–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodall, T. (2003). Conceptualising 'value for the customer': An attributional, structural and dispositional analysis. Academy of Marketing Science Review, 2003(12). http://www.amsreview.org/articles/woodall12-2003.pdf

  • Woodruff, R. (1997). Customer value: The next source for competitive advantage. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 25(2), 139–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Z., Cai, S., Zhou, Z., & Zhou, N. (2005). Development and validation of an instrument to measure user perceived service quality of information presenting web portals. Information & Management, 42(4), 575–589.

  • Yi, Y., & Gong, T. (2013). Customer value co-creation behavior: Scale development and validation. Journal of Business Research, 66(9), 1279–1284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1985). Measuring the involvement construct. Journal of Consumer Research, 12(3), 341–352.

  • Zeithaml, V. (1988). Consumer perceptions of price, quality, and value: A means-end model and synthesis of evidence. Journal of Marketing, 52(3), 2–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., & Chen, R. (2008). Examining the mechanism of the value co-creation with customers. International Journal of Production Economics, 116(2), 242–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zolfagharian, M. A., & Sheng, X. (2012). The CCP scale: Measuring customer co-production of services. Services Marketing Quarterly, 33(3), 211–229.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Amit Kumar Agrawal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed were in accordance with the conventional ethical standards applied in psychological research.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Electronic Supplementary Material

ESM 1

(DOCX 14 kb)

ESM 2

(DOCX 23 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Agrawal, A.K., Rahman, Z. CCV Scale: Development and Validation of Customer Co-Created Value Scale in E-Services. Curr Psychol 38, 720–736 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9639-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9639-z

Keywords

Navigation