Abstract
Polymer electrolytes are an important component of many electrochemical devices. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of the electrochemical and physical properties of polymer electrolytes. This review mainly encompasses the properties of different salts, solvents, and polymer hosts, which are encaged in liquid electrolytes. The additions of filler in polymer electrolytes result in composite polymer electrolytes, having high mechanical integrity and ionic conductivity, that are ideal electrolyte for these applications. The next generation state-of-the-art room-temperature ionic liquids based electrolytes, which are far superior to corresponding nonionic solvent-based electrolytes, are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Faraday M (1834) Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, Part I, 124:77–122
Kudo T, Fueki K (ed) (1990) Solid State Ionics, Kodansha, Tokyo
Fry AJ (1989) Synthetic organic electrochemistry, 2nd edn. Wiley, London
Jasinski R, Kirkland S (1967) Anal Chem 39:1663–1665
CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics (2002) CRC, Boca Raton
Xu K (2004) Chem Rev 104:4303–4417
Xu K, Ding S, Jow TR (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:A267–A274
Elliott W, Report No.1, Contract NAS 3-6015 (N 65-11518), Sept.1964
Pistoia G, De Rossi M, Scrosati B (1970) J Electrochem Soc 117:500–502
Tobishima S, Arakawa M, Hirai T, Yamaki J (1989) J Power Sources 269:449–454
McMillan RS, Juskow MW (1991) J Electrochem Soc 138:1556–1569
Yamaura J, Ozaki Y, Morita A, Ohta A (1993) J Power Sources 43:233–239
Zhang SS, Liu QG, Yang LL (1993) J Electrochem Soc 140:L107–L108
Geronov Y, Puresheva B, Moshtev RV, Zlatilova P, Kosev T, Staynov Z, Pistoia G, Pasqali MJ (1990) J Electrochem Soc 137:3338–3344
Subbarao S, Shen DH, Deligiannis F, Huang CK, Halpert GJ (1990) J Power Sources 29:579–587
Takami N, Ohsaki T, Inada K (1992) J Electrochem Soc 139:1849–1854
Arakawa M, Tobishima S, Hirai T, Yamaki J (1986) J Electrochem Soc 133:1527–1528
Surampudi S, Shen DH, Huang CK, Narayanan SR, Attia A, Helpert G, Peled E (1993) J Power Sources 43/44:21–26
Guyomard D, Tarascon JM (1992) J Electrochem Soc 139:937–948
Yamaura J, Ozaki Y, Morita A, Ohta A (1993) J Power Sources 43:233–239
Ebner W, Fouchard D, Xie L (1994) Solid State Ionics 69:238–256
Dehn J, Sacken UV, Juzkow MW, Janaby HA (1991) J Electrochem Soc 138:2207–2211
Ohzuku T, Iwakoshi Y, Sawai K (1993) J Electrochem Soc 140:2490–2498
Huang SY, Kavan L, Exnar I, Gratzel M (1995) J Electrochem Soc 142:L142–L144
Fong R, Sacken UV, Dahn JR (1990) J Electrochem Soc 137:2009–2013
Guyomard D, Tarascon JM (1993) J Electrochem Soc 140:3071–3081
Tarascon JM, Guyomard D (1994) Solid State Ionics 69:293–305
Xu K, Ding S, Jow TR (1999) J Electrochem Soc 146:4172–4178
Zheng T, Liu Y, Fuller EW, Tseng S, Sacken UV, Dahn J (1995) J Electrochem Soc 142:2581–2590
Morita M, Ichimura T, Ishikawa M, Matsuda Y (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:L26–L28
Ein-Eli Y, Thomas SR, Chadha R, Blakley TJ, Koch VR (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:823–829
Chu AC, Josefowicz JY, Farrington GC (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:4161–4169
Aurbach D, Ein-Eli Y, Markovsky B, Zaban A, Luski S, Carmeli Y, Yamin H (1995) J Electrochem Soc 142:2882–2890
Koetschau I, Richard MN, Dahn JR, Soupart B, Rousche JC (1995) J Electrochem Soc 142:2906–2910
Peled E, Golodnitksy D, Menachem C, Bar-Tow DJ (1998) J Electrochem Soc 145:3482–3486
Ein-Eli Y, Thomas SR, Koch VR, Aurbach D, Schecheter A, Markovsky B (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:L273–L277
Ein-Eli Y, McDevitt SF, Aurbach D, Markovsky B, Schecheter A (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:L180–L184
Sekai K, Azuma H, Omaru A, Fujita S, Imoto H, Endo T, Yamaura K, Nishi Y (1993) J Power Sources 43/44:241–244
Dudley JT, Wilkinson DP, Thomas G, LeVae R, Woo S, Blom H, Horvath C, Juzkow MW, Denis B, Jurich P, Aghakian P, Dahn JR (1991) J Power Sources 35:59–82
Linden D (1995) In: Linden D (ed) Handbook of batteries, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, Chapters 14 and 36
Aldrich Handbook of fine chemicals and laboratory equipment. Aldrich. USA. 2003–2004
Ue M, Ida K, Mori S (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:2989–2996
Xu W, Angell CA (2001) Electrochem Solid State Lett 4:E1–E4
Hossain S (1995) In: Linden D (ed) Handbook of battteries, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, NewYork, Chapter 36
Schmidt M, Heider U, Kuehner A, Oesten R, Jungnitz M, Ignatev N, Sartori P (2001) J Power Sources 97/98:557–560
Walker CW, Cox JD, Salomon M (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:L80–L82
Aurbach D, Ein-Eli Y, Zaban AJ (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:L1–L3
Newman GH, Francis RW, Gaines LH, Rao BM (1980) J Electrochem Soc 127:2025–2027
Jasinski R, Carroll S (1970) J Electrochem Soc 117:218–219
Sawai K, Iwakoshi Y, Ohzuhu T (1994) Solid State Ionics 69:273–283
Uchida I, Sato H (1995) J Electrochem Soc 142:L139–L141
Rauh RD, Reise TF, Brummer SB (1978) J Electrochem Soc 125:186–190
Koch VR, Young JH (1978) J Electrochem Soc 125:1371–1377
Koch VR, Goldman JL, Mattos CJ, Mulvaney M (1982) J Electrochem Soc 129:1–4
Abraham KM, Goldman JL, Natwig DL (1982) J Electrochem Soc 129:2404–2409
Dampier FW (1981) J Electrochem Soc 128:2501–2506
Plichta E, Slane S, Uchiyama M, Salmon M, Chua D, Ebner WB, Lin HW (1989) J Electrochem Soc 136:1865–1869
Foos JS, McVeigh J (1983) J Electrochem Soc 130:628–630
Yoshimatsu I, Hirai T, Yamaki J (1988) J Electrochem Soc 135:2422–1427
Nanjundiah C, Goldman JL, Dominey LA, Koch VR (1998) J Electrochem Soc 135:2914–2917
Dan P, Mengeritsky E, Geronov Y, Aurbach D, Weissman I (1995) J Power Sources 54:143–145
Aurbach D, Weissman I, Zaban A, Ein-Eli Y, Mengeritsky E, Dan P (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:2110–2116
Ein-Eli Y, Markovsky B, Aurbach D, Carmeli Y, Yamin H, Luski S (1994) Electrochim Acta 39:2559–2569
Aurbach D, Ein-Eli Y (1995) J Electrochem. Soc 142:1746–1752
Gnanaraj JS, Levi MD, Levi E, Salitra G, Aurbach D, Fischer JE, Claye A (2001) J Electrochem Soc 148:A525–A536
Matsuda Y, Morita M, Takada K (1984) J Electrochem Soc 131:1991–1995
Matsuda Y, Morita M, Yamashita TJ (1984) J Electrochem Soc 131:2821–2827
Takata K, Morita M, Matsuda Y (1985) J Electrochem Soc 132:126–128
Ue M (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:3336–3342
Ue M, Takeda M, Takehara M, Mori S (1997) J Electrochem Soc 144:2684–2688
Ue M, Murakami A, Nakamura S (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A1572–A1577
Zhang SS, Xu K, Jow TR (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A586–A590
Zhang SS, Xu K, Jow TR (2002) Electrochem Commun 4:928–932
Mizushima K, Jones PC, Wiseman PJ, Goodenough JB (1980) Mater Res Bull 15:783–789
Croce F, D’Aprano A, Nanjundiah C, Koch VR, Walker C, Salomon M (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:154–159
Ishikawa M, Morita M, Asao M, Matsuda Y (1994) J Electrochem Soc 141:1105–1108
Foropoulos J, DesMarteau DD (1984) Inorg Chem 23:3720–3723
Xu K, Day ND, Angell CA (1996) J Electrochem Soc 143:L209–L211
Wang X, Yasukawa E, Kasuya S (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:2421–2426
Dominey LA, Koch VR, Blakley T (1992) Electrochim Acta 37:1551–1554
Naoi K, Mori M, Naruoka Y, Lamanna WM, Atanasoski R (1999) J Electrochem Soc 146:462–469
Krause LJ, Lammanna W, Summerfield J, Engle M, Korba G, Loch R, Atanasoski R (1997) J Power Sources 68:320–325
Yang H, Kwon K, Devine TM, Evans JW (2000) J Electrochem Soc 147:4399–4407
Kanamura K, Umegaki T, Shiraishi S, Ohashi M, Takehara Z (2000) J Electrochem Soc 149:A185–A194
Tarascon JM, Armand M (2001) Nature 414:359–367
Experimental product Information (1996) Fluorad™, LiBETI, 3M, USA
Methlie GJ (1968) U.S. Patent 3,415,687
Ratner MA, Shriver DF (1988) Chem Rev 88:109–124
Watanabe M (1992) In: Chowdari BVR (ed) Solid State Ionics: Materials and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore, p 149
Sanchez J-Y (1992) In: Chowdari BVR (ed) Solid State Ionics: Materials and Applications. World Scientific, Singapore, p 159
Armand M (1994) Solid State Ionics 69:309–319
Shriver DF, Bruce PG (1995) In: Bruce PG (ed) Solid State Chemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 95
Song JY, Wang YY, Wan CC (1999) J Power Sources 77:183–197
Dias FB, Plomp L, Veldhuis JBJ (2000) J Power Sources 88:169–191
Fenton DE, Parker JM, Wright PV (1973) Polymer 14:589–590, and references there in
Angell CA, Liu C, Sanchez E (1993) Nature 362:137–139
Anderman M (1994) Solid State Ionics 69:336–342
Han KN, Seo HM, Kim JK, Kim YS, Shin DY, Jung BH, Lim HS, Eom SW, Moon SI (2001) J Power Sources 101:196–200
Capuano F, Croce F, Scrosati B (1991) J Electrochem Soc 138:1918–1922
Meneghetti P, Qutubuddin S, Webber A (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:4923–4931
Kumar B (2004) J Power Sources 135:215–231
Adehar J, Byrne N, Forsyth M, MacFarlane DR, Jacobsson P (2003) Electrochim Acta 48:2099–2103
Agnihotry SA, Ahmad S, Gupta D, Ahmad S (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:2343–2349
Ahmad S, Deepa M, Agnihotry SA (2008) Sol Energ Mater Sol Cell 92:184–189
Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2007) Bull Mater Sci 30:31–36
Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2008) J Appl Polym Sci 107:3042–3048
Croce F, Appetechi GB, Persi L, Scrosati B (1998) Nature 394:456–458
Croce F, Scrosati B (1975) J Power Sources 43:9–19
Krawiec E, Scanlon LG, Fellner JP, Vaia RA, Giannelis EP (1995) J Power Sources 54:310–315
Michael MS, Jacob MME, Prabaharan SRS, Radhakrishna S (1997) Solid State Ionics 98:167–174
Croce F, Appetechi GB, Ronci F, Wang Y, Dai Y, Greenbam SG, Salomon M (1997) In: Brodhead J, Scrosati B (eds) Lithium polymer batteries. Proceedings Vol 96/17 The Electrochemical Society NJ, p162
Slane S, Salomon M (1995) J Power Sources 55:7–10
Chen H-W, Lin T-P, Chang F-C (2002) Polymer 43:5281–5288
Raghavan SR, Riley MW, Fedkiw PS, Khan SA (1998) Chem Mater 10:244–251
Walls HJ, Riley MW, Fedkiw PS, Spontak RJ, Baker GL, Khan SA (2003) Electrochim Acta 48:2071–2071
Walls HJ, Riley MW, Singhal RR, Spontak RJ, Fedkiw PS, Khan SA (2003) Adv Funct Mater 13:710–717
Kumar B, Rodrigues SJ (2004) Solid State Ionics 167:91–97
Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2005) J Power Sources 140:151–156
Johansson P, Edvardsson M, Adebahr J, Jacobsson P (2003) J Phys Chem B 107:12622–12627
Deepa M, Agnihotry SA, Gupta D, Chandra R (2004) Electrochim Acta 49:373–383
Scrosati B (1993) In: Scrosati B (ed) Application of electroactive polymers. Chapman & Hall, London, p 250
Appetechi GB, Croce F, Scrosati B (1995) Electrochim Acta 40:1991–1997
Zhou J, Fedkiw PS, Khan SA (2002) J Electrochem Soc 149:A1121–A1126
Lin CW, Hung CL, Venkateswarlu M, Hwang BJ (2005) J Power Sources 146:397–401
Best AS, Adebahr J, Jacobsson P, Macfarlane DR, Forsyth M (2001) Macromolecules 34:4549–4555
Appetechi GB, Romagnoli P, Scrosati B (2001) Electrochem Commun 3:281–284
Johansson P, Jacobsson P (2004) Solid State Ionics 170:73–78
Ahmad S, Saxena TK, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2006) J Power Sourc 159:205–209
Ahmad S, Bohidar HB, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2006) Polymer 47:3583–3590
Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2006) e-Polymers 007
Ahmad S, Ahmad S, Agnihotry SA (2003) Ionics 9:439–443
Ahmad S, Agnihotry S (2009) Curr Appl Phys 9:108–114
Susan MABH, Kaneko T, Noda A, Watanabe M (2005) J Am Chem Soc 127:4976–4983
Scott MP, Brazil CS, Menton MG, Mays JW, Holbrey JD, Rogers RD (2002) Chem Commun 1370–1371
Wasserscheid P, Welton T (eds) (2003) Ionic liquids in synthesis. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim
Welton T (1999) Chem Rev 99:2071–2083
Winterton N (2006) J Mater Chem 16:4281–4293
Egashira M, Nakagawa M, Watanabe I, Okada S, Yamaki T (2005) J Power Sourc 146:685–688
Ahmad S, Deepa M (2007) Electrochem Commun 9:1635–1638
Seki S, Ohno Y, Kobayashi Y, Miyashiro H, Usami A, Mita Y, Tokuda H, Watanabe M, Hayamizu K, Tsuzuki S, Hattori M, Terada N (2007) J Electrochem Soc 154:A173–A177
Seki S, Kobayashi Y, Miyashiro H, Ohno Y, Usami A, Mita Y, Kihira N, Watanabe M, Terada N (2006) J Phys Chem B 110:10228–10230
Baker GA, Baker SN, Pandey S, Bright FV (2005) Analyst 130:800–808
Watanabe M (1992) In: Chowdari BVR, Chandra S, Singh S, Srivastava PC (eds) Solid state ionics: materials and applications. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 149–157
Ahmad S, Deepa M, Singh S (2007) Langmuir 23:11430–11433
Deepa M, Ahmad S, Alam J, Ahmad S, Sood KN, Srivastava AK (2007) Electrochimica Acta 52:7453–7463
Lu W, Fadeev AG, Qi B, Smela E, Mattes BR, Ding J, Spinks GM, Mazurkiewicz J, Zhou D, Wallace GG, MacFarlane DR, Forsyth SA, Forsyth M (2002) Science 297:983–987
Singh B, Sekhon SS (2005) J Phys Chem B 109:16539–16543
Bond DR, Jackson GE, Joao HC, Hofmeyr MN, Modro TA, Nassimbeni LR (1989) J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1910–1911
Bonhote P, Dias AP, Papageorgion N, Kalyanasundaram K, Gratzel M (1996) Inorg Chem 35:1168–1178
Watanabe M, Yamada S, Ogata N (1995) Electrochim Acta 40:2285–2288
Mac Farlane DR, Meakin P, Sun J, Amini N, Forsyth M (1999) J Phys Chem B 103:4164–4170
Mamantov GJC, Dunstan TDJ (1996) Electrochemical Systems, Inc., US Patent 5552241
King JA (1998) General Electric Company, US Patent 5705696
Tokuda H, Hayamizu K, Ishii K, Susan MABH, Watanabe M (2004) J Phys Chem B 108:16593–16600
Tiyapiboonchaiya C, Mac Farlane DR, Sun J, Forsyth M (2002) Macromol Chem Phys 203:1906–1911
Armand M, Tarascon JM (2008) Nature 451:652–657
Agrawal A, Cronin JP, Tonazzi JCL, Warner BP, Mccleskey TM, Burrell AK (2004) US Patent, 0257633A1
Acknowledgments
The author gratefully acknowledges CSIR for financial support and thanks profusely Dr. S. A. Agnihotry and Dr. S. T. Lakshmikumar for fruitful discussion for all necessary help and support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This paper was retracted due to severe plagiarism by the author.
An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-009-0334-4
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmad, S. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Polymer electrolytes: characteristics and peculiarities. Ionics 15, 309–321 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-008-0309-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-008-0309-x