Abstract
A self-assembled gold nanoparticle surface patterning technique is presented that enables nanometer spatial resolution for digital image correlation (DIC) experiments in a scanning electron microscope. This technique, originally developed for surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates, results in the assembly of individual 15–136 nm diameter gold nanoparticles over the surface of the test sample. The resulting dense, randomly isotropic, and high contrast pattern enables DIC down to an unprecedented image resolution of approximately 4 nm/pixel. The technique is inexpensive, fast, results in even coverage over the entire surface of the test sample, and can be applied to metallic and non-metallic substrates as well as curved or delicate specimens. In addition, the pattern is appropriate for multi-scale experimental investigations through the utilization of nanoparticle aggregates that collect on the surface in combination with the pattern formed by individual nanoparticles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sutton MA, Li N, Joy DC, Reynolds AP, Li X (2007) Scanning electron microscopy for quantitative small and large deformation measurements part I: SEM imaging at magnifications from 200 to 10,000. Exp Mech 47:775–787. doi:10.1007/s11340-007-9042-z
Sutton MA, Li N, Garcia D, Cornille N, Orteu JJ, McNeill SR, Schreier HW, Li X, Reynolds AP (2007) Scanning electron microscopy for quantitative small and large deformation measurements part II: experimental validation for magnifications from 200 to 10,000. Exp Mech 47:789–804. doi:10.1007/s11340-007-9041-0
Sutton MA, McNeill SR, Helm JD, Chao YJ (2000) Advances in two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer vision. In: Rastogi P (ed) Photomechanics, Top Appl Phys 77. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 323–372. doi:10.1007/3-540-48800-6, 10
Sutton MA, Orteu JJ, Schreier HW (2009) Digital image correlation (DIC). In: Image correlation for shape, motion and deformation measurements. Springer US, p 83. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78747-3 5
Scrivens WA, Luo Y, Sutton MA, Collette SA, Myrick ML, Miney P, Colavita PE, Reynolds AP, Li X (2007) Development of patterns for digital image correlation measurements at reduced length scales. Exp Mech 47:63–77. doi:10.1007/s11340-006-5869-y
Tschopp MA, Bartha BB, Porter WJ, Murray PT, Fairchild SB (2009) Microstructure-dependent local strain behavior in polycrystals through in-situ scanning electron microscope tensile experiments. Metall Mater Trans A 40:2363–2368. doi:10.1007/s11661-009-9938-6
Kammers AD, Daly S (2011) Small-scale patterning methods for digital image correlation under scanning electron microscopy. Meas Sci Technol 22:125501
Walley JL, Wheeler R, Uchic MD, Mills MJ (2012) In-situ mechanical testing for characterizing strain localization during deformation at elevated temperatures. Exp Mech 52:405–416. doi:10.1007/s11340-011-9499-7
Li N, Guo S, Sutton MA (2011) Recent progress in e-beam lithography for SEM patterning. In: Proulx T (ed) MEMS and nanotechnology, volume 2, conference proceedings of the society for experimental mechanics series, vol. 2. Springer, New York, pp 163–166
Berfield TA, Patel JK, Shimmin RG, Braun PV, Lambros J, Sottos NR (2007) Micro- and nanoscale deformation measurement of surface and internal planes via digital image correlation. Exp Mech 47:51–62. doi:10.1007/s11340-006-0531-2
Berfield TA, Patel JK, Shimmin RG, Braun PV, Lambros J, Sottos NR (2006) Fluorescent image correlation for nanoscale deformation measurements. Small 2:631–635
Freeman RG, Grabar KC, Allison KJ, Bright RM, Davis JA, Guthrie AP, Hommer MB, Jackson MA, Smith PC, Walter DG, Natan MJ (1995) Self-assembled metal colloid monolayers: an approach to SERS substrates. Science 267:1629–1632
Grabar KC, Freeman RG, Hommer MB, Natan MJ (1995) Preparation and characterization of au colloid monolayers. Anal Chem 67:735–743
Grabar KC, Allison KJ, Baker BE, Bright RM, Brown KR, Freeman RG, Fox AP, Keating CD, Musick MD, Natan MJ (1996) Two-dimensional arrays of colloidal gold particles: a flexible approach to macroscopic metal surfaces. Langmuir 12:2353–2361
Fan M, Brolo AG (2009) Silver nanoparticles self assembly as SERS substrates with near single molecule detection limit. Phys Chem Chem Phys 11:7381–7389
Park S, Yang P, Corredor P, Weaver MJ (2002) Transition metal-coated nanoparticle films: vibrational characterization with surface-enhanced Raman scattering. J Am Chem Soc 124:2428–2429
Frens G (1973) Controlled nucleation for the regulation of the particle size in monodisperse gold suspensions. Nat Phys Sci 241:20–22
van den Brand J, Snijders PC, Sloof WG, Terryn H, de Wit JHW (2004) Acid–base characterization of aluminum oxide surfaces with XPS. J Phys Chem B 108:6017–6024
Liascukiene I, Aissaoui N, Asadauskas SJ, Landoulsi J, Lambert JF (2012) Ordered nanostructures on a hydroxylated aluminum surface through the self-assembly of fatty acids. Langmuir 28:5116–5124
Delebecque A, Thomas C, Pradier CM, Methivier C, Coffre E, Paoli H, Carre M (2008) Reactivity of a hydroxylated alumina surface in the presence of NO diluted in N2: a PM-IRRAS in situ investigation. J Phys Chem C 112:2964–2971
Delebecque A, Thomas C, Pradier CM, Methivier C, Paoli H, Coffre E, Carre M (2008) On the reactivity of NO/N2 mixtures with aluminum surfaces: a combined PM-IRRAS and QCM investigation. Surf Sci 602:283–290
Franquet A, Terryn H, Vereecken J (2003) Composition and thickness of non-functional organosilane films coated on aluminium studied by means of infra-red spectroscopic ellipsometry. Thin Solid Films 441:76–84
van Ooij WJ, Zhu D (2001) Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of Bis-[Triethoxysilypropyl] Tetrasulfide on Al 2024-T3 substrates. Corrosion 57:413–427
Franquet A, Biesemans M, Terryn H, Willem R, Vereecken J (2006) Study of the interaction of hydrolysed silane solutions with pre-treated aluminium substrates. Surf Interface Anal 38:172–175
Joshi S, Fahrenholtz WG, O’Keefe MJ (2011) Effect of alkaline cleaning and activation on aluminum alloy 7075-T6. Appl Surf Sci 257:1859–1863
Mueller RM, Buchal C, Oversluizen T, Pobell F (1978) Superconducting aluminum heat switch and plated presscontacts for use at ultralow temperatures. Rev Sci Instrum 49:515–518
Kim T, Lee CH, Joo SW, Lee K (2008) Kinetics of gold nanoparticle aggregation: experiments and modeling. J Colloid Interface Sci 318:238–243
Dickinson E, Eriksson L (1991) Particle flocculation by adsorbing polymers. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 34:1–29
Hunter RJ (1987) Foundations of colloid science, vol 1. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 89–103
Prof. Christian Franck, Brown University (2012) http://franck.engin.brown.edu/~christianfranck/FranckLab/Downloads.html
Bray JW (1990) Aluminum mill and engineered wrought products, properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials, vol 2, ASM Handbook (ASM International) pp 29–61
Sutton MA, Li N, Garcia D, Cornille N, Orteu JJ, McNeill SR, Schreier HW, Li X (2006) Metrology in a scanning electron microscope: theoretical developments and experimental validation. Meas Sci Technol 17:2613–2622
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0927530. Support for this work was also provided by the Rackham Graduate School Non-Traditional Student Fellowship from the University of Michigan. Portions of this work were performed at the Electron Microbeam Analysis Laboratory (EMAL) at the University of Michigan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kammers, A.D., Daly, S. Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Surface Patterning for Improved Digital Image Correlation in a Scanning Electron Microscope. Exp Mech 53, 1333–1341 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9734-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-013-9734-5