Abstract
In the present work, the trivalent and hexavalent chromium phytoaccumulation by three living free floating aquatic macrophytes Salvinia auriculata, Pistia stratiotes, and Eicchornia crassipes was investigated in greenhouse. These plants were grown in hydroponic solutions supplied with non-toxic Cr3+ and Cr6+ chromium concentrations, performing six collections of nutrient media and plants in time from a batch system. The total chromium concentrations into Cr-doped hydroponic media and dry roots and aerial parts were assayed, by using the Synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence technique. The aquatic plant-based chromium removal data were described by using a nonstructural kinetic model, obtaining different bioaccumulation rate, ranging from 0.015 to 0.837 l mg−1 d−1. The Cr3+ removal efficiency was about 90%, 50%, and 90% for the E. crassipes, P. stratiotes, and S. auriculata, respectively; while it was rather different for Cr6+ one, with values about 50%, 70%, and 90% for the E. crassipes, P. stratiotes, and S. auriculata.
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Abbreviations
- C0 :
-
Initial metal concentration in liquid phase (mg l−1)
- CGa :
-
Internal standard concentration of Gallium (10 mg Ga l−1)
- CLP :
-
Metal concentration in the liquid phase (mg l−1)
- Cmod :
-
Metal concentration obtained by modeling (mg l−1)
- CSP :
-
Metal concentration in solid phase (μg g−1)
- E.c:
-
Aquatic macrophytes Eicchornia crassipes
- F:
-
Objective function
- IGa :
-
Fluorescent intensity of the Gallium internal standard (cps)
- IZ :
-
Fluorescent intensity of the chemical element (cps)
- k:
-
Bioaccumulation rate constant (l d−1 mg−1)
- LP:
-
Liquid phase in metal uptake experiment
- m:
-
Fresh weight of aquatic macrophytes (g)
- MDP :
-
Dry mass before acid digestion process (g)
- N:
-
Number of collections
- P.s:
-
Aquatic macrophytes Pistia stratiotes
- q:
-
Amount of metal binding sites in solid phase (mg g−1) in time
- qmax :
-
Maximum metal uptake in solid phase (mg g−1)
- r:
-
Bioaccumulation kinetic rate (mg g−1d−1)
- σ:
-
Experimental standard deviation of metal concentration in liquid phase (mg l−1)
- SK :
-
Relative-to-gallium sensitivity function for K X-ray series
- SL :
-
Relative-to-gallium sensitivity function for L X-ray series for Z between 42 and 82
- S.a:
-
Aquatic macrophytes Salvinia auriculata
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- SP:
-
Solid phase relative to dry roots and aerial parts of plants
- t:
-
Time (d)
- V0 :
-
Total volume of the metal-doped nutrient medium (l)
- VDP :
-
Final volume after acid digestion procedure (ml)
- Z:
-
Atomic number of the element
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge The Brazilian Light Synchrotron Laboratory (LNLS) for partial financing of this study through the 3364 and 4652 projects. We also thank Athus School, in Toledo (PR), for proof reading the paper.
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Espinoza-Quiñones, F.R., da Silva, E.A., de Almeida Rizzutto, M. et al. Chromium ions phytoaccumulation by three floating aquatic macrophytes from a nutrient medium. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 24, 3063–3070 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9853-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-008-9853-9