Abstract
Aims
This study investigated maize-soil biota interactions as well as the soil legacy effects of continuous monoculture (CM) on maize performance.
Methods
We conducted a glasshouse experiment that compared the performance of maize inoculated with living or sterilized soil inocula collected from experimental field plots with cropping histories of 1 to 5 years of continuous maize monoculture, where the soil type is Nicollet clay loam with moderate fertility. We measured the biomass, yield, root traits and leaf nutrients of maize as well as eukaryotic soil organisms.
Results
Inoculation with living soil dramatically reduced maize biomass and yield compared to inoculation with sterilized soil, showing CM to have strong negative soil biotic legacy effects on maize. Nonetheless, the strength of soil biotic effects on most maize variables were relatively stable over time under CM. The response of maize total biomass to living soil inoculation correlated positively with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal abundance but negatively with soil fauna abundance, whereas it did not relate with the abundance of plant pathogenetic fungi or herbivorous nematodes. The roots showed acquisitive syndromes (high specific root length but low root diameter) in sterilized soil but conservative syndromes (opposite traits) in living soil. The responses in root system structure were tightly related with AM fungal diversity and community composition.
Conclusions
Our study shows strong and stable negative effects of soil biota on maize under CM. The complex effects of soil biota on maize performance highlight the need to explore the functions of different groups of soil organisms to better understand and control negative soil legacy effects in agroecosystems.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Antoninka A, Wolf JE, Bowker M, Classen AT, Johnson NC (2009) Linking above- and belowground responses to global change at community and ecosystem scales. Glob Chang Biol 15:914–929. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01760.x
Bardgett RD, van der Putten WH (2014) Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nature 515:505–511. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13855
Bardgett RD, Mommer L, De Vries FT (2014) Going underground: root traits as drivers of ecosystem processes. Trends Ecol Evol 29:692–699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.10.006
Bender SF, Wagg C, van der Heijden MGA (2016) An underground revolution: biodiversity and soil ecological engineering for agricultural sustainability. Trends Ecol Evol 31:440–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2016.02.016
Bennett JA, Klironomos J (2019) Mechanisms of plant–soil feedback: interactions among biotic and abiotic drivers. New Phytol 222:91–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15603
Bennett AJ, Bending GD, Chandler D, Hilton S, Mills P (2012) Meeting the demand for crop production: the challenge of yield decline in crops grown in short rotations. Biol Rev 87:52–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2011.00184.x
Bennett JA, Maherali H, Reinhart KO, Lekberg Y, Hart MM, Klironomos J (2017) Plant-soil feedbacks and mycorrhizal type influence temperate forest population dynamics. Science 355:181–184. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aai8212
Bergmann J, Weigelt A, van der Plas F, Laughlin DC, Kuyper TW, Guerrero-Ramirez N, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Bruelheide H, Freschet GT, Iversen CM, Kattge J, McCormack ML, Meier IC, Rillig MC, Roumet C, Semchenko M, Sweeney CJ, van Ruijven J, York LM, Mommer L (2020) The fungal collaboration gradient dominates the root economics space in plants. Sci Adv 6:eaba3756. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba3756
Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B (2014) Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30:2114–2120. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Brinkman EP, Van der Putten WH, Bakker E-J, Verhoeven KJF (2010) Plant–soil feedback: experimental approaches, statistical analyses and ecological interpretations. J Ecol 98:1063–1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01695.x
Cantarel AAM, Pommier T, Desclos-Theveniau M, Diquélou S, Dumont M, Grassein F, Kastl E-M, Grigulis K, Laîné P, Lavorel S, Lemauviel-Lavenant S, Personeni E, Schloter M, Poly F (2015) Using plant traits to explain plant-microbe relationships involved in nitrogen acquisition. Ecology 96:788–799. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2107.1
Caplan JS, Stone BWG, Faillace CA, Lafond JJ, Baumgarten JM, Mozdzer TJ, Dighton J, Meiners SJ, Grabosky JC, Ehrenfeld JG (2017) Nutrient foraging strategies are associated with productivity and population growth in forest shrubs. Ann Bot 119:977–988. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw271
Cesarano G, Zotti M, Antignani V, Marra R, Scala F, Bonanomi G (2017) Soil sickness and negative plant-soil feedback: a reappraisal of hypotheses. J Plant Pathol 99:545–570. https://doi.org/10.4454/jpp.v99i3.3960
Chen S, Qi G, Luo T, Zhang H, Jiang Q, Wang R, Zhao X (2018) Continuous-cropping tobacco caused variance of chemical properties and structure of bacterial network in soils. Land Degrad Dev 29:4106–4120. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3167
Chen L, Swenson NG, Ji N, Mi X, Ren H, Guo L, Ma K (2019) Differential soil fungus accumulation and density dependence of trees in a subtropical forest. Science 366:124–128. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau1361
Cook RJ (2006) Toward cropping systems that enhance productivity and sustainability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:18389–18394. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0605946103
Cortois R, Schröder-Georgi T, Weigelt A, van der Putten WH, De Deyn GB (2016) Plant–soil feedbacks: role of plant functional group and plant traits. J Ecol 104:1608–1617. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12643
Davison J, Moora M, Öpik M, Adholeya A, Ainsaar L, Bâ A, Burla S, Diedhiou AG, Hiiesalu I, Jairus T, Johnson NC, Kane A, Koorem K, Kochar M, Ndiaye C, Pärtel M, Reier Ü, Saks Ü, Singh R, Vasar M, Zobel M (2015) Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism. Science 349:970–973. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab1161
De Deyn GB, van der Putten WH (2005) Linking aboveground and belowground diversity. Trends Ecol Evol 20:625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.009
Delgado-Baquerizo M, Powell JR, Hamonts K, Reith F, Mele P, Brown MV, Dennis PG, Ferrari BC, Fitzgerald A, Young A, Singh BK, Bissett A (2017) Circular linkages between soil biodiversity, fertility and plant productivity are limited to topsoil at the continental scale. New Phytol 215:1186–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14634
Dudenhöffer J-H, Ebeling A, Klein A-M, Wagg C (2018) Beyond biomass: soil feedbacks are transient over plant life-stages and alter fitness. J Ecol 106:230–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12870
Edgar RC (2013) UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. Nat Methods 10:996–998. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2604
Edgar RC, Haas BJ, Clemente JC, Quince C, Knight R (2011) UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27:2194–2200. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr381
Gardes M, Bruns TD (1993) ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes - application to the identification of mycorrhizae and rusts. Mol Ecol 2:113–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.1993.tb00005.x
Glick BR (2018) Soil microbes and sustainable agriculture. Pedosphere 28:167–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(18)60020-7
Grabau ZJ, Chen S (2016a) Determining the role of plant–parasitic nematodes in the corn–soybean crop rotation yield effect using nematicide application: I. corn. Agron J 108:782–793. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0431
Grabau ZJ, Chen S (2016b) Influence of long-term corn–soybean crop sequences on soil ecology as indicated by the nematode community. Appl Soil Ecol 100:172–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2015.12.016
in ‘t Zandt D, van den Brink A, de Kroon H, EJW V (2019) Plant-soil feedback is shut down when nutrients come to town. Plant Soil 439:541–551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04050-9
in ‘t Zandt D, Hoekstra NJ, Wagemaker CAM, de Caluwe H, Smit-Tiekstra AE, Visser EJW, de Kroon H (2020) Local soil legacy effects in a multispecies grassland community are underlain by root foraging and soil nutrient availability. J Ecol 108:2243–2255. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13449
Jiang S, Liu Y, Luo J, Qin M, Johnson NC, Öpik M, Vasar M, Chai Y, Zhou X, Mao L, Du G, An L, Feng H (2018) Dynamics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure and functioning along a nitrogen enrichment gradient in an alpine meadow ecosystem. New Phytol 220:1222–1235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15112
Johnson NC, Copeland PJ, Crookston RK, Pfleger FL (1992) Mycorrhizae: possible explanation for yield decline with continuous corn and soybean. Agron J 84:387–390. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1992.00021962008400030007x
Johnson NC, Wilson GWT, Wilson JA, Miller RM, Bowker MA (2015) Mycorrhizal phenotypes and the law of the minimum. New Phytol 205:1473–1484. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13172
Kong D, Wang J, Wu H, Valverde-Barrantes OJ, Wang R, Zeng H, Kardol P, Zhang H, Feng Y (2019) Nonlinearity of root trait relationships and the root economics spectrum. Nat Commun 10:2203. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10245-6
Kostenko O, Bezemer TM (2020) Abiotic and biotic soil legacy effects of plant diversity on plant performance. Front Ecol Evol 8:87. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00087
Kramer-Walter KR, Bellingham PJ, Millar TR, Smissen RD, Richardson SJ, Laughlin DC (2016) Root traits are multidimensional: specific root length is independent from root tissue density and the plant economic spectrum. J Ecol 104:1299–1310. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12562
Kuebbing SE, Classen AT, Call JJ, Henning JA, Simberloff D (2015) Plant-soil interactions promote co-occurrence of three nonnative woody shrubs. Ecology 96:2289–2299. https://doi.org/10.1890/14-2006.1
Kulmatiski A, Beard KH, Stevens JR, Cobbold SM (2008) Plant-soil feedbacks: a meta-analytical review. Ecol Lett 11:980–992. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01209.x
Kutáková E, Cesarz S, Münzbergová Z, Eisenhauer N (2018) Soil microarthropods alter the outcome of plant-soil feedback experiments. Sci Rep 8:11898. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30340-w
Levine E, Oloumi-Sadeghi H (1991) Management of diabroticite rootworms in corn. Annu Rev Entomol 36:229–255. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.36.010191.001305
Liu Y, Mao L, He X, Cheng G, Ma X, An L, Feng H (2012) Rapid change of AM fungal community in a rain-fed wheat field with short-term plastic film mulching practice. Mycorrhiza 22:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0378-y
Liu J, Yao Q, Li Y, Zhang W, Mi G, Chen X, Yu Z, Wang G (2019) Continuous cropping of soybean alters the bulk and rhizospheric soil fungal communities in a Mollisol of northeast PR China. Land Degrad Dev 30:1725–1738. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3378
Ma Z, Guo D, Xu X, Lu M, Bardgett RD, Eissenstat DM, McCormack ML, Hedin LO (2018) Evolutionary history resolves global organization of root functional traits. Nature 555:94–97. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25783
Magoč T, Salzberg SL (2011) FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. Bioinformatics 27:2957–2963. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507
Mangan SA, Schnitzer SA, Herre EA, Mack KM, Valencia MC, Sanchez EI, Bever JD (2010) Negative plant-soil feedback predicts tree-species relative abundance in a tropical forest. Nature 466:752–755. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09273
Mao L, Liu Y, Shi G, Jiang S, Cheng G, Li X, An L, Feng H (2014) Wheat cultivars form distinctive communities of root-associated arbuscular mycorrhiza in a conventional agroecosystem. Plant Soil 374:949–961. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1943-2
Mariotte P, Mehrabi Z, Bezemer TM, De Deyn GB, Kulmatiski A, Drigo B, Veen GF, van der Heijden MGA, Kardol P (2018) Plant–soil feedback: bridging natural and agricultural sciences. Trends Ecol Evol 33:129–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.005
Martín-Robles N, García-Palacios P, Rodríguez M, Rico D, Vigo R, Sánchez-Moreno S, De Deyn GB, Milla R (2020) Crops and their wild progenitors recruit beneficial and detrimental soil biota in opposing ways. Plant Soil 456:159–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04703-0
McDonald BA, Stukenbrock EH (2016) Rapid emergence of pathogens in agro-ecosystems: global threats to agricultural sustainability and food security. Philos Trans R Soc Lond Ser B Biol Sci 371:20160026. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0026
McGonigle T, Miller M, Evans D, Fairchild G, Swan J (1990) A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 115:495–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00476.x
Meisner A, De Deyn GB, de Boer W, van der Putten WH (2013) Soil biotic legacy effects of extreme weather events influence plant invasiveness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:9835–9838. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300922110
Miya M, Sato Y, Fukunaga T, Sado T, Poulsen JY, Sato K, Minamoto T, Yamamoto S, Yamanaka H, Araki H, Kondoh M, Iwasaki W (2015) MiFish, a set of universal PCR primers for metabarcoding environmental DNA from fishes: detection of more than 230 subtropical marine species. R Soc Open Sci 2:150088. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150088
Nguyen NH, Song Z, Bates ST, Branco S, Tedersoo L, Menke J, Schilling JS, Kennedy PG (2016) FUNGuild: An open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild. Fungal Ecol 20:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2015.06.006
Nilsson RH, Larsson K-H, Taylor AFS, Bengtsson-Palme J, Jeppesen TS, Schigel D, Kennedy P, Picard K, Glöckner FO, Tedersoo L, Saar I, Kõljalg U, Abarenkov K (2019) The UNITE database for molecular identification of fungi: handling dark taxa and parallel taxonomic classifications. Nucleic Acids Res 47:D259–D264. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gky1022
Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R, Legendre P, Minchin PR, O'Hara RB, Simpson GL, Solymos P, Stevens MHH, Wagner H (2015) Package ‘vegan’: community ecology package. R package version 2.2-1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan. Accessed March 2015
Oldroyd GED, Leyser O (2020) A plant’s diet, surviving in a variable nutrient environment. Science 368:eaba0196. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba0196
Polcyn W, Paluch-Lubawa E, Lehmann T, Mikula R (2019) Arbuscular mycorrhiza in highly fertilized maize cultures alleviates short-term drought effects but does not improve fodder yield and quality. Front Plant Sci 10:496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00496
Powell JR, Rillig MC (2018) Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ecosystem function. New Phytol 220:1059–1075. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15119
Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Glöckner FO (2013) The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D590–D596. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1219
Reich PB, Walters MB, Tjoelker MG, Vanderklein D, Buschena C (1998) Photosynthesis and respiration rates depend on leaf and root morphology and nitrogen concentration in nine boreal tree species differing in relative growth rate. Funct Ecol 12:395–405. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00209.x
Rillig MC, Aguilar-Trigueros CA, Camenzind T, Cavagnaro TR, Degrune F, Hohmann P, Lammel DR, Mansour I, Roy J, van der Heijden MGA, Yang G (2019) Why farmers should manage the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. New Phytol 222:1171–1175. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15602
Roumet C, Urcelay C, Díaz S (2006) Suites of root traits differ between annual and perennial species growing in the field. New Phytol 170:357–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01667.x
Ryan MH, Graham JH (2018) Little evidence that farmers should consider abundance or diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when managing crops. New Phytol 220:1092–1107. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15308
Shipton PJ (1977) Monoculture and soilborne plant pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 15:387–407. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.15.090177.002131
Smith SE, Smith FA (2011) Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. Annu Rev Plant Biol 62:227–250. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103846
Stoeck T, Bass D, Nebel M, Christen R, Jones MD, Breiner HW, Richards TA (2010) Multiple marker parallel tag environmental DNA sequencing reveals a highly complex eukaryotic community in marine anoxic water. Mol Ecol 19:21–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04480.x
Strom N, Hu W, Chen S, Bushley K (2019) Continuous monoculture shapes root and rhizosphere fungal communities of corn and soybean in soybean cyst nematode-infested soil. Phytobiomes J 3:300–314. https://doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-05-19-0024-r
Strom N, Hu W, Haarith D, Chen S, Bushley K (2020) Interactions between soil properties, fungal communities, the soybean cyst nematode, and crop yield under continuous corn and soybean monoculture. Appl Soil Ecol 147:103388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.103388
van der Heijden MGA, Martin FM, Selosse M-A, Sanders IR (2015) Mycorrhizal ecology and evolution: the past, the present, and the future. New Phytol 205:1406–1423. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13288
van der Putten WH, Bardgett RD, Bever JD, Bezemer TM, Casper BB, Fukami T, Kardol P, Klironomos JN, Kulmatiski A, Schweitzer JA, Suding KN, Van de Voorde TFJ, Wardle DA (2013) Plant–soil feedbacks: the past, the present and future challenges. J Ecol 101:265–276. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12054
van der Putten WH, Bradford MA, Brinkman EP, van de Voorde TFJ, Veen GF (2016) Where, when and how plant–soil feedback matters in a changing world. Funct Ecol 30:1109–1121. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.12657
Vierheilig H, Coughlan AP, Wyss U, Piché Y (1998) Ink and vinegar, a simple staining technique for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:5004–5007. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.12.5004-5007.1998
Wagg C, Schlaeppi K, Banerjee S, Kuramae EE, van der Heijden MGA (2019) Fungal-bacterial diversity and microbiome complexity predict ecosystem functioning. Nat Commun 10:4841. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12798-y
Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR (2007) Naïve Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:5261–5267. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00062-07
Wang XX, Hoffland E, Mommer L, Feng G, Kuyper TW (2019) Maize varieties can strengthen positive plant-soil feedback through beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mutualists. Mycorrhiza 29:251–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-019-00885-3
Wang XX, Li H, Chu Q, Feng G, Kuyper TW, Rengel Z (2020) Mycorrhizal impacts on root trait plasticity of six maize varieties along a phosphorus supply gradient. Plant Soil 448:71–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-019-04396-0
Wen Z, Li H, Shen Q, Tang X, Xiong C, Li H, Pang J, Ryan MH, Lambers H, Shen J (2019) Tradeoffs among root morphology, exudation and mycorrhizal symbioses for phosphorus-acquisition strategies of 16 crop species. New Phytol 223:882–895. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15833
White TJ, Bruns T, Lee S, Taylor J (1990) Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In: Innis M, Gelfand D, Sninsky J, White TJ (eds) PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications. Academic Press, London
Wilschut RA, van der Putten WH, Garbeva P, Harkes P, Konings W, Kulkarni P, Martens H, Geisen S (2019) Root traits and belowground herbivores relate to plant–soil feedback variation among congeners. Nat Commun 10:1564. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09615-x
Xiong W, Li Z, Liu H, Xue C, Zhang R, Wu H, Li R, Shen Q (2015) The effect of long-term continuous cropping of black pepper on soil bacterial communities as determined by 454 pyrosequencing. PLoS One 10:e0136946. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136946
Yao Q, Wang LR, Zhu HH, Chen JZ (2009) Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation on root system architecture of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.) seedlings. Sci Hortic 121:458–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.03.013
Yeates GW, Bongers T, De Goede RG, Freckman DW, Georgieva SS (1993) Feeding habits in soil nematode families and genera - an outline for soil ecologists. J Nematol 25:315–331
Zhao Q, Xiong W, Xing Y, Sun Y, Lin X, Dong Y (2018) Long-term coffee monoculture alters soil chemical properties and microbial communities. Sci Rep 8:6116. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24537-2
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to Rick Johnson, Wayne Gottschalk and Hannah Neigebauer for help in field soil sampling and transporting. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060260, 31870494), funds for Regents’ Professors at Northern Arizona University, and the Key Laboratory of High Water Utilization on Dryland of Gansu Province (HNSJJ-2019-05). YL and LM thank China Scholarship Council and Nancy Johnson for supporting them as visiting scholars at Northern Arizona University. We thank the four anonymous reviewers for the comments on earlier versions of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
NCJ, YL and LM designed the study and collected field soils with the help of SC; LM and YL conducted the glasshouse and laboratory work with help of JZ, JO and NCJ; SC conducted and maintained the field experimental plots; LM and YL analyzed the data and drafted the manuscript, and all authors contributed to revisions.
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Felipe E. Albornoz
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mao, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, J. et al. Soil biota suppress maize growth and influence root traits under continuous monoculture. Plant Soil 461, 441–455 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04848-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-021-04848-6