Abstract
Porous-conductive chitosan scaffolds were fabricated by blending conductive polypyrrole (PPy) particles with chitosan solution and employing an improved phase separation method. In vitro and in vivo degradation behaviors of these scaffolds were investigated. In the case of in vitro degradation, an enzymatic degradation system was employed and lysozyme was used as a working enzyme. Meanwhile, the degradation products of scaffolds, glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine, were also analyzed with a HPLC method. In vivo degradation of scaffolds was performed by subcutaneously implanting these scaffolds in rat for prescheduled time intervals. In the both cases, the weight-loss of scaffolds was monitored during the whole degradation process for evaluating the degradation of scaffolds. The changes in conductivity of scaffolds afterin vitro or in vivo degradation were also measured using a four-point technique. It was observed that the pore parameters of scaffolds themselves could significantly influence the degradation behaviors of scaffolds but the PPy content in the scaffolds seemed not to impart its effect to the degradation of scaffolds. Degradation dynamics of scaffolds and conductivity measurements indicated that these scaffolds shown fairly different behaviors in their in vitro and in vivo degradation process. According to the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo degradation of scaffolds and based on some requirements of practical tissue engineering application, it was suggested that the PPy content in the scaffold should be slightly higher than 3 wt.% but lower than 6 wt.%.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. LANGER and J. P. VACANTI, Science 260 (1993) 920.
F. G. HEINEKEN and R. SKALAK, J. Biomech. Eng. 113 (1991) 111.
R. M. NEREM, Ann. Biomed. Eng. 19 (1991) 529.
K. T. PAIGE and C. A. VACANTI, Tissue Eng. 1 (1995) 97.
E. B. DENKBAS, M. SEYYAL and E. PISKIN, J. Membr. Sci. 172 (2000) 33.
S. W. SHALABY, Biomedical Polymers, New York: Hanser Publishers, 1994.
L. LI, S. DING and C. ZHOU, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 91 (2004) 274.
J. YANG, G. SHI, J. BEI, S. WANG, Y. CAO, Q. SHANG, G. YANG and W. WANG, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 62 (2002) 438.
T. RATHKE and S. HUDSON, J. Macromol. Sci., Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C34 (1994) 375.
C. BRINE, P. SANDFORD and J. ZIKAKIS, Advances in Chitin and Chitosan, Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 1992.
R. A. A. MUZZARELLI and M. G. PETER, Chitin Handbook, European Chitin Society, Italy: Grottammare, 1997.
G. BORCHARD, Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 52 (2001) 145.
S. V. MADIHALLY and H. M. T. MATTHEW, Biomaterials, 20 (1999) 1133.
C. E. SCHMIDT, V. R. SHASTRI, J. P. VACANTI and R. LANGER, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 (1997) 8948.
B. GARNER, A. GEORGEVICH, A.J. HODGSON, L. LIU and G.G. WALLACE, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 44 (1999) 121.
R. F. VALENTINI, T. G. VARGO, J. A. GARDELLA JR and P. AEBISCHER, Biomaterials 13 (1992) 193.
A. KOTWAL and C.E. SCHMIDT, Biomaterials 22 (2001) 1055.
E. DE GIGLIO, L. SABBATINI and P.G. ZAMBONIN, J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 10 (1999) 845.
T. AOKI, M. TANINO, N. OGATA and K. KUMAKURA, Biomaterials. 17 (1996) 1971.
J.Y. WONG, R. LANGER and D.E. INGBER, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91 (1994) 3201.
R. L. WILLIAMS and P. J. DOHERTY, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 5 (1994) 429.
E. KHOR and J. L. H. WHEY, Carbohydr. Polym. 26 (1995) 183.
Y. LAM, K. S. CHOW and E. KHOR, J. Polym. Res. 6 (1999) 203.
MACHIDA, S. MIYATA and A. TECHAGUMPUCH, Synth. Met. 31 (1989) 311.
A. MOHAMMADI, D. W. PAUL, O. INGANAS, J. O. NILSSON and I. LUNDSTORM, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. 32 (1994) 495.
F. YAN, G. XUE and M. ZHOU, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 77 (2000) 135.
Y. WAN, H. WU and D. WEN, Macromol. Biosci. 4 (2004) 882.
S. B. RAO and C. P. SHARMA, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 34 (1997) 21.
J. N. SADDLER and M. H. PENNER, Enzymatic Degradation of Insoluble Carbohydrates, ACS Symposium Series 618, Washington: American Chemical Society, 1995.
R. A. A. MUZZARELLI, C. JEUNIAUX, and G. W. GOODAY, Chitin in Nature and Technology, New York: Plenum, 1986, p.385.
S. C. TAN, E. KHOR, T. K. TAN and S. M. WONG, Talanta 45 (1998) 713.
Y. WAN, K. A. M. CREBER, B. PEPPLEY, and V. T. BUI, Polymer 44 (2003) 1057.
F. CHELLAT, M. TABRIZIAN, S. DUMIYRIU, E. CHORNET, C. RIVARD and L. YAHIA, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 53 (2000) 592.
Z. WANG, C. ROBERGE, L.H. DAO, Y. WAN, G. SHI, M. ROUABHIA, R. GUIDOIN and Z. ZHANG, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 70A (2004) 28.
Y. MAROIS, Z. ZHANG, M. VERT, L. BEAULIEU, R. W. LENZ and R. GUIDOIN, Tissue Eng. 5 (1999) 369.
X. JIANG, Y. MAROIS, A. TRAORE, D. TESSIRE, L. H. DAO, R. GUIDOIN and Z. ZHANG, Tissue Eng. 8 (2002) 635.
Z. ZHANG, R. GUIDOIN M. W. KING, T. V. HOW, Y. MAROIS and G. LAROCHE, Biomaterials 16 (1995) 369.
Y. WAN, W. HUANG, Z. WANG, X. X. ZHU, Polymer 45 (2004) 71.
F. MI, S. SHYU, Y. WU, S. LEE, J. SHYONG and R. HUANG, Biomaterials. 22 (2001) 165.
K. TOMIHATA and Y. IKADA, Biomaterials 18 (1997) 567.
Y. SHIGEMASA, K. SAITO, H. SASHIWA and H. ASIMOTO, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 16 (1994) 43.
F. SHEN, Y.L. CUI, L. F. YANG, K. D. YAO, X. H. DONG, W. Y. JIA and H. D. SHI, Polym. Int. 49 (2000) 1596.
Z. WANG, C. ROBERGE, Y. WAN, L.H. DAO, R. GUIDOIN. Z. ZHANG, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 66A (2003) 738.
F. MI, H. SUNG, S. SHYU, C. SU and C. PENG, Polymer 44 (2003) 6521.
M. THERRIEN, R. GUIDION, A. ADNOT and R. PAYNTER, Biomaterials 10 (1989) 517.
R. PAYNTER, H. MARTZ and R. GUIDION, ibid. 8 (1987) 94.
R. A. A. MUZZARELLI, M. M. BELMONTE, M. MILIANI, C. MUZZARELLI, F. GABBANELLI and G. BIAGINI, Carbohydr. Polym. 48 (2002) 15.
J. M. KERNS, A. J. FAKHOURI, H. P. WEINRIB and J. A. FREEMAN, Neuroscience 40 (1991) 93.
L. M. KOW and D. W. PFAFF, Brain. Res. 347 (1985) 1.
G. SHI, M. ROUABHIA, Z. WANG, L. H. DAO and Z. ZHANG, Biomaterials 25 (2004) 2477.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wan, Y., Yu, A., Wu, H. et al. Porous-conductive chitosan scaffolds for tissue engineering II. in vitro and in vivo degradation. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 16, 1017–1028 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4756-x
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10856-005-4756-x