Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Modeling canopy photosynthesis and light interception partitioning among shoots in bi-axis and single-axis apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.)

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Trees Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Key message

Bi-axis training increased vegetative shoot light interception and modeled photosynthetic rate, and reduced fruiting shoot mutual shading and vegetative growth by optimizing canopy structure compared to single-axis in young apple trees.

Abstract

Improving light interception and distribution within canopy are constant objectives of training through manipulating tree architecture. A bi-axis training system with two primary scaffolds has been proposed to improve flowering and dry matter production in apple trees. In this study, ‘Fuji’ apple trees trained using a bi-axis or single-axis training system were compared. Twelve three-dimensional (3D) virtual apple trees were reconstructed by combining 3D digitizing and allometric relationships for three shoot types (vegetative long shoot, VL; fruiting shoot, FS; vegetative short shoot, VS), to evaluate canopy structure impacts on light interception. Light interception efficiency was evaluated by silhouette to total area ratio (STAR). The potential canopy photosynthetic rate was evaluated by the eco-physiological RATP model. The leaf area of VL in bi-axis trained trees was approximately 40% lower than that in single-axis trees. Lower leaf area and more uniform spatial distribution were noted in VL in bi-axis than in single-axis trees. This led to more even spatial light distribution and more shoots having higher STAR in bi-axis than in single-axis trees, regardless of the whole tree or shoot type. In the virtual orchard, bi-axis trees had a 25% and 10% STAR increase in VS and VL, respectively, but a similar STAR for FS compared to single-axis trees. Mutual shading between neighboring trees in the virtual orchard made of bi-axis trees was significantly lower than that with single-axis trees for FS. The modeled canopy net photosynthetic rate was 26% higher in bi-axis than in single-axis trees. With the increase in tree age, the projected leaf area increased, but the porosity of the canopy decreased, and mutual shading increased for the whole canopy and all shoot types, irrespective of training systems. These results indicated that manipulating scaffolds in apple trees can regulate canopy structure, light interception, and vegetative growth during the early developmental stages.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All reconstructed 3D tree files are available from the first author on reasonable request.

References

  • Adam B, Donès N, Sinoquet H (2002) VegeSTAR–software to compute light interception and canopy photosynthesis from images of 3D digitised plants, version 4.0. UMR PIAF INRA-UBP, Clermont-Ferrand

    Google Scholar 

  • Afonso S, Ribeiro C, Bacelar E, Ferreira H, Oliveira I, Silva A, Gonçalves B (2017) Influence of training system on physiological performance, biochemical composition and antioxidant parameters in apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.). Sci Hortic 225:394–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barthélémy D, Caraglio Y (2007) Plant architecture: a dynamic, multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form, structure and ontogeny. Ann Bot 99:375–407

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Buler Z, Mika A (2004) Evaluation of the ‘Mikado’ tree training system versus the spindle form in apple trees. J Fruit Ornam Plant Res 12:49–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Buler Z, Mika A, Treder W, Chlebowska D, Palmer J, Wunsche J (2001) Influence of new training systems of dwarf and demidwarf apple trees on yield its quality and canopy illumination. Acta Hortic 557:253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carter GA, Smith WK (1985) Influence of shoot structure on light interception and photosynthesis in conifers. Plant Physiol 79:1038

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen D, Pallas B, Martinez S, Wang Y, Costes E (2019) Neoformation and summer arrest are common sources of tree plasticity in response to water stress of apple cultivars. Ann Bot 123:877–890

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colaço AF, Molin JP, Rosell-Polo JR, Escolà A (2018) Application of light detection and ranging and ultrasonic sensors to high-throughput phenotyping and precision horticulture: current status and challenges. Hortic Res 5:35

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Corelli-Grappadelli L, Lakso AN (2007) Is maximizing orchard light interception always the best choice? Acta Hortic 732:507–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costes E, Lauri PÉ, Regnard J (2006) Analyzing fruit tree architecture: implications for tree management and fruit production. Hortic Rev 32:1–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Costes E, Lauri PÉ, Simon S, Andrieu B (2013) Plant architecture, its diversity and manipulation in agronomic conditions, in relation with pest and pathogen attacks. Eur J Plant Pathol 135:455–470

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coupel-Ledru A, Pallas B, Delalande M, Boudon F, Carrié E, Martinez S, Regnard J-L, Costes E (2019) Multi-scale high-throughput phenotyping of apple architectural and functional traits in orchard reveals genotypic variability under contrasted watering regimes. Hortic Res 6:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva D, Han L, Costes E (2013) Light interception efficiency of apple trees: a multiscale computational study based on MAppleT. Ecol Model 290:45–53

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Da Silva D, Han L, Faivre R, Costes E (2014) Influence of the variation of geometrical and topological traits on light interception efficiency of apple trees: sensitivity analysis and metamodelling for ideotype definition. Ann Bot 114:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • den Dulk JA (1989) The interpretation of remote sensing: a feasibility study. Disertation, Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen

  • Donès N, Adam B, Sinoquet H (2006) PiafDigit–software to drive a Polhemus Fastrak 3 SPACE 3D digitiser and for the acquisition of plant architecture, version 1.1. UMR PIAF INRA-UBP, Clermont-Ferrand

    Google Scholar 

  • Duursma R, Falster D, Valladares F, Sterck F, Pearcy R, Lusk C, Sendall K, Nordenstahl M, Houter N, Atwell B (2012) Light interception efficiency explained by two simple variables: a test using a diversity of small-to medium-sized woody plants. New Phytol 193:397–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fanwoua J, Bairam E, Delaire M, Buck-Sorlin G (2014) The role of branch architecture in assimilate production and partitioning: the example of apple (Malus domestica). Front Plant Sci 5:338

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Berry JA (1980) A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species. Planta 149:78–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng F, Li M, Ma F, Cheng L (2014) Effects of location within the tree canopy on carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids and phenolic compounds in the fruit peel and flesh from three apple (Malus× domestica) cultivars. Hortic Res 1:14019

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Foster T, van Hooijdonk B, Friend A, Seleznyova A, McLachlan A (2016) Apple rootstock-induced dwarfing is strongly influenced by growing environment. J Hortic 3(2376–0354):1000180

    Google Scholar 

  • Giuliani R, Magnanini E, Corelli-Grappadelli L (1998) Whole canopy gas exchange and light interception of three peach training systems. Acta Hortic 465:309–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gullo G, Motisi A, Zappia R, Dattola A, Diamanti J, Mezzetti B (2014) Rootstock and fruit canopy position affect peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] (cv. Rich May) plant productivity and fruit sensorial and nutritional quality. Food Chem 153:234–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hampson CR, Quamme HA, Brownlee RT (2002) Canopy growth, yield, and fruit quality of “Royal Gala” apple trees grown for eight years in five tree training systems. HortScience 37:627–631

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han MY, Li YW, Fan CH, Zhao CP (2008) Effects of branch bending angle on physiological characteristics and fruit quality of “Fuji” apple. Acta Hortic Sin 35:1345–1350

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han L, Costes E, Boudon F, Cokelaer T, Pradal C, Silva DD, Faivre R (2012) Investigating the influence of geometrical traits on light interception efficiency of apple trees: a modelling study with MAppleT. In: Kang M, Dumont Y, Guo Y (eds) 2012 IEEE fourth international symposium on plant growth modeling, simulation, visualization and applications (PMA),. IEEE Shanghai, pp 152–159

  • Harley PC, Thomas RB, Reynolds JF, Strain BR (1992) Modelling photosynthesis of cotton grown in elevated CO2. Plant Cell Environ 15:271–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hikosaka K, Niinemets U, Anten NP (2016) Canopy photosynthesis: from basics to applications. Springer, Dordrecht

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JE (1970) Aspects of light climate within apple orchards. J Appl Ecol 7:207–216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson JE (1980) Light interception and utilization by orchard systems. Hortic Rev 2:208–267

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarvis P (1976) The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philos Trans R Soc B 273:593–610

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson R, Lakso A (1986a) Carbon balance model of a growing apple shoot. I: development of the model. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 111:160–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson R, Lakso A (1986b) Carbon balance model of a growing apple shoot. II: simulated effects of light and temperature on long and short shoots. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 111:164–169

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumarathunge DP, Medlyn BE, Drake JE et al (2019) Acclimation and adaptation components of the temperature dependence of plant photosynthesis at the global scale. New Phytol 222:768–784

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larbi A, Vázquez S, El-Jendoubi H, Msallem M, Abadía J, Abadía A, Morales F (2015) Canopy light heterogeneity drives leaf anatomical, eco-physiological, and photosynthetic changes in olive trees grown in a high-density plantation. Photosynth Res 123:141–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurens F, Aranzana MJ, Arus P, Bassi D, Bink M, Bonany J, Caprera A, Corelli-Grappadelli L, Costes E, Durel CE, Mauroux JB, Muranty H, Nazzicari N, Pascal T, Patocchi A, Peil A, Quilot-Turion B, Rossini L, Stella A, Troggio M, Velasco R, van de Weg E (2018) An integrated approach for increasing breeding efficiency in apple and peach in Europe. Hortic Res 5:11

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lauri PÉ, Kelner JJ (2001) Shoot type demography and dry matter partitioning: a morphometric approach in apple (Malus domestica). Can J Bot 79:1270–1273

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauri PÉ, Willaume M, Larrive G, Lespinasse JM (2004) The concept of centrifugal training in apple aimed at optimizing the relationship between growth and fruiting. Acta Hortic 636:35–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leis M, Mazzola C (2008) Apple tree named ‘Fujiko’. vol US 2007/0226855 P1 Google Patents

  • Li KT, Lakso AN, Piccioni R, Robinson T (2003) Summer pruning reduces whole-canopy carbon fixation and transpiration in apple trees. J Hortic Sci 78:749–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Ma D, Shi J, Han M, Yang W, Zhang D (2020) Effect of bi-axis Bibaum tree shape on growth and bearing of young apple tree on dwarf rootstock. Acta Hortic Sinica 47:541–550

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack J, Lenz C, Teutrine J, Steinhage VJC, Agriculture Ei (2017) High-precision 3D detection and reconstruction of grapes from laser range data for efficient phenotyping based on supervised learning. Comput Electron Agric 135:300–311

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall-Colon A, Long SP, Allen DK et al (2017) Crops in silico: generating virtual crops using an integrative and multi-scale modeling platform. Front Plant Sci 8:786

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Massonnet C, Regnard J, Lauri PÉ, Costes E, Sinoquet H (2008) Contributions of foliage distribution and leaf functions to light interception, transpiration and photosynthetic capacities in two apple cultivars at branch and tree scales. Tree Physiol 28:665–678

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteith JL (1977) Climate and the efficiency of crop production in Britain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 281:277–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moon P, Spencer DE, Moon P, Spencer DE (1942) Illumination from a non-uniform sky. Trans Illum Eng Soc 37:707–726

    Google Scholar 

  • Musacchi S (2008a) BIBAUM®: a new training system for pear orchards. Acta Hortic 800:763–769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Musacchi S (2008b) Training systems and soil management for southern European pear orchards. Acta Hortic 772:447–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ngao J, Adam B, Saudreau M (2017) Intra-crown spatial variability of leaf temperature and stomatal conductance enhanced by drought in apple tree as assessed by the RATP model. Agric Forest Meteorol 237–238:340–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niinemets Ü (2010) A review of light interception in plant stands from leaf to canopy in different plant functional types and in species with varying shade tolerance. Ecol Res 25:693–714

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niinemets Ü, Sparrow A, Cescatti A (2005) Light capture efficiency decreases with increasing tree age and size in the southern hemisphere gymnosperm Agathis australis. Trees 19:177–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nilson T (1971) A theoretical analysis of the frequency of gaps in plant stands. Agric Meteorol 8:25–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pallas B, Martinez S, Simler O, Carrié E, Costes E, Boudon F (2018) Assessing T-LiDAR technology for high throughput phenotyping apple tree topological and architectural traits. In: XXX International Horticultural Congress IHC2018: international symposium on cultivars, rootstocks and management systems of 1281, pp 625–632

  • Palmer JW (1987) The measurement of leaf area in apple trees. J Hortic Sci 62:5–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JW, Warrington IJ (1998) Underlying principles of successful apple planting systems. Acta Hortic 513:357–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez RPA, Fournier C, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Artzet S, Pradal C, Brichet N, Chen TW, Chapuis R, Welcker C, Tardieu F (2019) Changes in the vertical distribution of leaf area enhanced light interception efficiency in maize over generations of selection. Plant Cell Environ 42:2105–2119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Picheny V, Casadebaig P, Trépos R, Faivre R, Da Silva D, Vincourt P, Costes E (2017) Using numerical plant models and phenotypic correlation space to design achievable ideotypes. Plant Cell Environ 40:1926–1939

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poorter H, Niinemets Ü, Ntagkas N, Siebenkäs A, Mäenpää M, Matsubara S, Pons T (2019) A meta-analysis of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance. New Phytol 223:1073–1105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pradal C, Dufour-Kowalski S, Boudon F, Fournier C, Godin C (2008) OpenAlea: a visual programming and component-based software platform for plant modelling. Funct Plant Biol 35:751–760

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prusinkiewicz P (1998) Modeling of spatial structure and development of plants: a review. Sci Hortic 74:113–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed Aug 2019

  • Reig G, Lordan J, Miranda Sazo M, Hoying SA, Fargione MJ, Hernan Reginato G, Donahue DJ, Francescatto P, Fazio G, Robinson TL (2019) Effect of tree type and rootstock on the long-term performance of ‘Gala’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees trained to Tall Spindle under New York State climatic conditions. Sci Hortic 246:506–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson TL, Lakso AN (1991) Bases of yield and production efficiency in apple orchard systems. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116:188–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson TL, Hoying SA, Reginato GH (2006) The tall spindle apple production system. N Y Fruit Q 14:21–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson TL, DeMarree AM, Hoying SA (2007) An economic comparison of five hight density apple planting systems. Acta Hortic 723:481–489

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson T, Hoying S, Reginato G (2008) The tall spindle planting system: principles and performance. Acta Hortic 903:571–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson T, Hoying S, Sazo MM, DeMarree A, Dominguez L (2013) A vision for apple orchard systems of the future. N Y Fruit Q 21:12–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross J (1981) The radiation regime and architecture of plant stands. Springer, The Hague

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sanz R, Rosell JR, Llorens J, Gil E, Planas S (2013) Relationship between tree row LIDAR-volume and leaf area density for fruit orchards and vineyards obtained with a LIDAR 3D dynamic measurement system. Agric Forest Meteorol 171–172:153–162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinoquet H, Rivet P, Godin C (1997) Assessment of the three-dimensional architecture of walnut trees using digitising. Silva Fenn 31:265–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinoquet H, Le Roux X, Adam B, Ameglio T, Daudet FA (2001) RATP: a model for simulating the spatial distribution of radiation absorption, transpiration and photosynthesis within canopies: application to an isolated tree crown. Plant Cell Environ 24:395–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinoquet H, Sonohat G, Phattaralerphong J, Godin C (2005) Foliage randomness and light interception in 3D digitized trees: an analysis from multiscale discretization of the canopy. Plant Cell Environ 28:1158–1170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sinoquet H, Stephan J, Sonohat G, Lauri PÉ, Monney P (2007) Simple equations to estimate light interception by isolated trees from canopy structure features: assessment with three-dimensional digitized apple trees. New Phytol 175:94–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smolander H, Stenberg P, Linder S (1994) Dependence of light interception efficiency of Scots pine shoots on structural parameters. Tree Physiol 14:971–980

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song Q, Zhang G, Zhu X (2013) Optimal crop canopy architecture to maximise canopy photosynthetic CO2 uptake under elevated CO2—a theoretical study using a mechanistic model of canopy photosynthesis. Funct Plant Biol 40:109–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonohat G, Sinoquet H, Kulandaivelu V, Combes D, Lescourret F (2006) Three-dimensional reconstruction of partially 3D-digitized peach tree canopies. Tree Physiol 26:337–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephan J, Sinoquet H, Donès N, Haddad N, Talhouk S, Lauri PÉ (2008) Light interception and partitioning between shoots in apple cultivars influenced by training. Tree Physiol 28:331–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss S, Lempe J, Prusinkiewicz P, Tsiantis M, Smith RS (2020) Phyllotaxis: is the golden angle optimal for light capture? New Phytol 225:499–510

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takenaka A (1994) Effects of leaf blade narrowness and petiole length on the light capture efficiency of a shoot. Ecol Res 9:109–114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Yin D, Chen C, Yu D, Han W (2019) Optimal design of plant canopy based on light interception: a cases study with Loquat. Front Plant Sci 10:364

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Trentacoste ER, Connor DJ, Gómez-del-Campo M (2015) Row orientation: applications to productivity and design of hedgerows in horticultural and olive orchards. Sci Hortic 187:15–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tustin DS, Cashmore WM, Bensley RB (1998) The influence of orchard row canopy discontinuity on irradiance and leaf area distribution in apple trees. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 73:289–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Hooijdonk BM, Tustin DS, Dayatilake D, Oliver M (2015) Nursery tree design modifies annual dry matter production of newly grafted ‘Royal Gala’ apple trees. Sci Hortic 197:404–410

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Hooijdonk BM, Tustin DS, Oliver MJ, Dayatilake GA (2016) Leaf area development and dry matter production of newly grafted monoaxis and biaxis apple trees. Acta Hortic 1130:335–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagenmakers PS, Callesen O (1995) Light distribution in apple orchard systems in relation to production and fruit quality. J Hortic Sci 70:935–948

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willaume M, Lauri PÉ, Sinoquet H (2004) Light interception in apple trees influenced by canopy architecture manipulation. Trees 18:705–713

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woods HA, Saudreau M, Pincebourde S (2018) Structure is more important than physiology for estimating intracanopy distributions of leaf temperatures. Ecol Evol 8:5206–5218

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wunsche J, Lakso AN (2000) The relationship between leaf area and light interception by spur and extension shoot leaves and apple orchard productivity. HortScience 35:1202–1206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xing L, Zhang D, Zhao C, Li Y, Ma J, An N, Han M (2016) Shoot bending promotes flower bud formation by miRNA-mediated regulation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Plant Biotechnol J 14:749–770

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W (2016) Studying the planting system and water stress effects on apple tree architecture and function with digitizing modelling. Dissertation. Northwest A&F University.

  • Yang W, Chen X, Saudreau M, Zhang X, Zhang M, Liu H, Costes E, Han M (2016) Canopy structure and light interception partitioning among shoots estimated from virtual trees: comparison between apple cultivars grown on different interstocks on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Trees 30:1723–1734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang W, Chen X, Zhang M, Gao C, Liu H, Saudreau M, Costes E, Han M (2017) Light interception characteristics estimated from three-dimensional virtual plants for two apple cultivars and influenced by combinations of rootstocks and tree architecture in Loess Plateau of China. Acta Hortic 1160:245–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu X, Long SP, Ort DR (2010) Improving photosynthetic efficiency for greater yield. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 61:235–261

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31860527), Shaanxi province Key Research and Development Program (2017ZDXM-NY-511019, 2016KTZDNY01-04), The China Apple Research System (CARS-27) and National Key R&D Program Projects (2018YFD1000200). Wei-wei Yang thank Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for supporting his study in INRA, France. We thank the two anonymous reviewers for useful appraisal of the manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Weiwei Yang and Xiaolong Ma contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, No.3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China

    Weiwei Yang, Xiaolong Ma, Doudou Ma, Mingyu Han & Dong Zhang

  2. College of Agriculture, The Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization in Xinjiang Production and Construction Group, Shihezi University, No.4 North Road, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China

    Weiwei Yang

  3. Shaanxi Huasheng (Group) Corp. Fruit CO., Ltd. Weiyang Lake Tourism District, Xi’an, 710021, China

    Jidong Shi

  4. UMR AGAP, SupAgro, CIRAD, Equipe ‘Architecture et Fonctionnement des Especes Fruiteres’, University of Montpellier, INRAE, TA A 108/03, Avenue Agropolis, 34398, Cedex 05 Montpellier, France

    Evelyne Costes

  5. Department of Horticulture, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM), Mardan, Pakistan

    Sayed Hussain

Authors
  1. Weiwei Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xiaolong Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Doudou Ma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jidong Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Sayed Hussain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mingyu Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Evelyne Costes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Dong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Author contribution statement

Conceptualization: MH, DZ and WY. Material preparation and data collection were performed by XM, DM, SH and JS. Data analysis were performed by WY and XM. The first draft of the manuscript was written by WY and EC and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dong Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest statement.

Additional information

Communicated by R. Grote.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Mingyu Han: Deceased on 2nd August 2018.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOC 2410 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yang, W., Ma, X., Ma, D. et al. Modeling canopy photosynthesis and light interception partitioning among shoots in bi-axis and single-axis apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Trees 35, 845–861 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02085-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-021-02085-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation