Abstract:
Genetic surveys of reef fishes have revealed high population connectivity within ocean basins, consistent with the assumption that pelagic larvae disperse long distances by oceanic currents. However, several recent studies have demonstrated that larval retention and self-recruitment may be higher than previously expected. To assess connectivity in tropical reef fishes, we contribute range-wide mtDNA surveys of two Atlantic squirrelfishes (family Holocentridae). The blackbar soldierfish, Myripristis jacobus, has a pelagic juvenile phase of about 58 days, compared to about 71 days (~22% longer) in the longjaw squirrelfish, Holocentrus ascensionis. If the pelagic duration is guiding dispersal ability, M. jacobus should have greater population genetic structure than H. ascensionis. In comparisons of mtDNA cytochrome b sequences from 69 M. jacobus (744 bp) and 101 H. ascensionis (769 bp), both species exhibited a large number of closely related haplotypes (h=0.781 and 0.974, π=0.003 and 0.006, respectively), indicating late Pleistocene coalescence of mtDNA lineages. Contrary to the prediction based on pelagic duration, M. jacobus has much less population structure (φST=0.008, P=0.228) than H. ascensionis (φST=0.091, P<0.001). Significant population partitions in H. ascensionis were observed between eastern, central and western Atlantic, and between Brazil and the Caribbean in the western Atlantic. These results, in combination with the findings from 13 codistributed species, indicate that pelagic larval duration is a poor predictor of population genetic structure in Atlantic reef fishes. A key to understanding this disparity may be the evolutionary depth among corresponding taxonomic groups of “reef fishes”, which extends back to the mid-Cretaceous and encompasses enormous diversity in ecology and life history. We should not expect a simple relationship between pelagic larval duration and genetic connectivity, among lineages that diverged 50–100 million years ago.
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Acknowledgments
We gratefully recognize the sampling efforts and logistic assistance of S.A. Karl, J.C. Avise, M. Ball, J. Beets, E. Bermingham, C.J. Bowen, R.W. Chapman, M. Courtney, L. Dahlstrom, D. Graff, R. Klinger, M. McDowall, S. McCafferty, H. Pinto da Costa, A. Popadic, L.A. Rocha, M. J. Shulman, T. Streelman, P. Taylor, W.W. Toller, and J. Young. Collections in the central and eastern Atlantic were made possible by the Direccão das Pescas do São Tomé, the Administrator of Ascension Island and the Governor of St. Helena Island. We thank S. Shanker and E. Almira for DNA sequencing services. For constructive advice and valuable critiques of this manuscript we thank C. Baldwin, K. Duncan, J. Eble, S. Floeter, H. Ficke, W.S. Grant, P. Heemstra, F. LeComte, S. Nishida, J. Randall, L.A. Rocha, J. Roman, J. Schultz, L. Seeb, T. Streelman, A. Summers, R. Toonen, B. Victor, D. Wilson, and two anonymous reviewers. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (DEB-9727048 and OCE-0453167), with field support by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and with logistic support from the U. S. Air Force for transportation to Ascension Island. All research activities described herein comply with the laws and permit requirements of host nations.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Haplotype distribution of 69 specimens of Myripristis jacobus .
Haplotype | Florida (N=10) | Grenada (N=16) | Brazil (N=10) | Ascension (N=13) | São Tomé (N=20) | Total (N=69) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 32 |
B | 1 | 3 | 1 | – | – | 5 |
C | – | 3 | – | – | – | 3 |
D | – | 2 | – | – | – | 2 |
E | – | – | – | 2 | – | 2 |
F | – | – | – | 2 | – | 2 |
G | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 |
H | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
I | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
J | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
K | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
L | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
M | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
N | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
O | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
P | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
Q | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
R | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
S | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
T | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
U | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
V | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
W | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
X | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
Y | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
Z | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
AA | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
BB | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
Appendix 2
Haplotype distribution of 101 specimens of Holocentrus ascensionis.
Haplotype | Florida (N=7) | St. Croix (N=6) | Belize (N=8) | Panama (N=6) | Brazil (N=20) | Ascension (N=20) | St. Helena (N=17) | São Tomé (N=17) | Total (N=101) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | 2 | 4 | 3 | – | 12 |
2 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | 3 | 1 | – | 6 |
3 | – | – | – | – | 3 | 2 | 1 | – | 6 |
4 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 6 |
5 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 | 4 |
6 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 2 | – | 3 |
7 | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
8 | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
9 | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | 2 |
10 | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
11 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 |
12 | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | 2 |
13 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | 2 |
14 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | 2 |
15 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | – | 2 |
16 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 |
17 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 |
18 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
19 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
20 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
21 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
22 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
23 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
24 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
25 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
26 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
27 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
28 | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
29 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
30 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
31 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
32 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
33 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
34 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
35 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
36 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
37 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
38 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
39 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
40 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
41 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
42 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
43 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
44 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
45 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
46 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 |
47 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
48 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
49 | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
50 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
51 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
52 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
53 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
54 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
55 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
56 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
57 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
58 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
59 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 1 |
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Bowen, B.W., Bass, A.L., Muss, A. et al. Phylogeography of two Atlantic squirrelfishes (Family Holocentridae): exploring links between pelagic larval duration and population connectivity. Mar Biol 149, 899–913 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0252-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0252-1