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How can immunochemical methods contribute to the implementation of the Water Framework Directive?

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Abstract

Immunochemical methods (in particular immunoassays) have been applied to spring and surface water samples, respectively, which were set-up as reference materials (RM) within two proficiency testing campaigns. For the first set of proficiency tests (PTs) described here (which were actually the second round of PTs organized, spring 2005), three ELISAs (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) were employed in the enzyme tracer format for isoproturon, diuron, and atrazine, respectively. Results were evaluated in comparison with conventional reference methods (LC, GC). Based on their Z-score laboratory performances, the results for isoproturon and diuron were satisfactory, both for fortified spring water and for the blind solution. The results for atrazine were strongly influenced by other triazines present and needed detailed interpretation. For the second set of PTs described here (which were actually the third round of PTs organized, spring 2006), two ELISAs in the coating antigen format were used for isoproturon and diuron, and the result was included with the results obtained by conventional methods during the PTs. The results (the Z-scores) for isoproturon were again classified as satisfactory, in both fortified surface water and blind solution. The results for diuron in ELISA showed an influence of the water matrix, while the analysis of the blind solution was satisfactory. In addition, an ELISA in the enzyme tracer format was applied to analyze isoproturon, diuron, and atrazine in surface water samples, which had been set-up and spiked during a field trial (tank experiment) at the Maas River at Eijsden, The Netherlands. The immunoassay results were compared with those from an in-house on-line SPE LC/MS–MS used as reference. Although the immunochemical results were sometimes higher than those determined in the reference analysis, the general concentration trends in the samples were similar. The contribution of immunochemical methods to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive is also discussed.

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Abbreviations

WFD:

Water Framework Directive

CR:

cross-reactivity

ELISA:

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ECD:

electron capture detector

GC:

gas chromatography

LC:

liquid chromatography

MS:

mass spectrometry

HRP:

horseradish peroxidase

IC50 :

inhibitory concentration 50%, test midpoint of standard curve

LOD:

limit of detection

mAb:

monoclonal antibody

PBS:

phosphate-buffered saline

PBST:

phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20

PT:

proficiency test

RM:

reference material

TMB:

3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine

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Acknowledgements

Dr. Nathalie Giugues, BRGM, Orléans, France, and Mr. Ian Allan, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom, are credited for the organization of the SWIFT field trial and for the provision of the water samples from the Maas River, Eijsden, The Netherlands, in April/May 2005. Dr. Marvin Goodrow (formerly UC Davis, CA, USA) is acknowledged for the synthesis of the haptens 1-(5-carboxypentyl)-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methylthiourea and 1-(3-carboxypropyl)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3,3-dimethylurea (Diuron I). Dr. Herbert Muntau (Lithos Geosciences, Germany) is acknowledged for the organization of batch material sampling, Dr. Franz Ulberth, Dr. Marina Ricci and Dr. Ofelia Bercaru (IRMM, Belgium) for the preparation of RM08 and RM15, Dr. Angels Sahuquillo (University of Barcelona, Spain) for the preparation of RM17, Dr. Tristan Simonart (IPL, France) for the preparation and characterization of the pesticide pills, and Dr. Erwin Rosenberg and Dr. Eva Fernandez (Technical University of Vienna, Austria) for the characterization of the test materials. Major parts of this research were funded by the EU project SWIFT-WFD (SSPI-CT-2003-502492).

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Author notes

  1. Dieter Martens

    Present address: LUFA Speyer, Obere Langgasse 40, 67346, Speyer, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Ecological Chemistry, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany

    Petra M. Krämer & Stephan Forster

  2. Lehrstuhl für Ökologische Chemie und Umweltanalytik, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350, Freising, Germany

    Petra M. Krämer & Dieter Martens

  3. QualityConsult, Via G. Bettolo 4, 00195, Rome, Italy

    Ildi Ipolyi

  4. ENEA PROT Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00060, Rome, Italy

    Claudia Brunori & Roberto Morabito

Authors
  1. Petra M. Krämer
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  2. Dieter Martens
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  4. Ildi Ipolyi
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Correspondence to Petra M. Krämer.

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Krämer, P.M., Martens, D., Forster, S. et al. How can immunochemical methods contribute to the implementation of the Water Framework Directive?. Anal Bioanal Chem 387, 1435–1448 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0793-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-006-0793-7

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