Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview

  • Review Article
  • Published:
Archives of Toxicology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antioxidants had a growing interest owing to their protective roles in food and pharmaceutical products against oxidative deterioration and in the body and against oxidative stress-mediated pathological processes. Screening of antioxidant properties of plants and plant-derived compounds requires appropriate methods, which address the mechanism of antioxidant activity and focus on the kinetics of the reactions including the antioxidants. Many studies evaluating the antioxidant activity of various samples of research interest using different methods in food and human health have been conducted. These methods are classified, described, and discussed in this review. Methods based on inhibited autoxidation are the most suited for termination-enhancing antioxidants and for chain-breaking antioxidants, while different specific studies are needed for preventive antioxidants. For this purpose, the most common methods used in vitro determination of antioxidant capacity of food constituents were examined. Also, a selection of chemical testing methods was critically reviewed and highlighted. In addition, their advantages, disadvantages, limitations and usefulness were discussed and investigated for pure molecules and raw extracts. The effect and influence of the reaction medium on the performance of antioxidants are also addressed. Hence, this overview provides a basis and rationale for developing standardized antioxidant methods for the food, nutraceuticals, and dietary supplement industries. In addition, the most important advantages and shortcomings of each method were detected and highlighted. The chemical principles of these methods are outlined and critically discussed. The chemical principles of methods of 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS·+) scavenging, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging, Fe3+–Fe2+ transformation assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, cupric ions (Cu2+) reducing power assay (Cuprac), Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity (FCR assay), peroxyl radical (ROO·), superoxide radical anion (O2·−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging assay, hydroxyl radical (OH·) scavenging assay, singlet oxygen (1O2) quenching assay, nitric oxide radical (NO·) scavenging assay and chemiluminescence assay are outlined and critically discussed. Also, the general antioxidant aspects of main food components were discussed by a number of methods, which are currently used for the detection of antioxidant properties of food components. This review consists of two main sections. The first section is devoted to the main components in the food and pharmaceutical applications. The second general section comprises some definitions of the main antioxidant methods commonly used for the determination of the antioxidant activity of components. In addition, some chemical, mechanistic and kinetic basis, and technical details of the used methods are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
Fig. 28
Fig. 29
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
Fig. 35

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adcock JL, Francis PS, Barnett NW (2007) Acidic potassium permanganate as a chemiluminescence reagent—a review. Anal Chim Acta 601:36–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ak T, Gülçin İ (2008) Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin. Chem Biol Interact 174:27–37

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aksu K, Topal F, Gülçin I, Tümer F, Göksu S (2015) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and antioxidant activities of novel symmetric sulfamides derived from phenethylamines. Arch Pharm 348(6):446–455

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aksu K, Özgeriş B, Taslimi P, Naderi A, Gülçin İ, Göksu S (2016) Antioxidant activity, acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory properties of novel ureas derived from phenethylamines. Arch Pharm 349(12):944–954

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alam N, Bristi NC, Rafiquzzaman M (2013) Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi Pharm J 21:143–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alcolea JF, Cano A, Acosta M, Arnao MB (2002) Hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant activities of grapes. Nahrung 46:353–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso AM, Dominguez C, Guillen DA, Barroso CG (2002) Determination of antioxidant power of red and white wines by a new electrochemical method and its correlation with polyphenolic content. J Agric Food Chem 50:3112–3115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altay A, Tohma H, Durmaz L, Taslimi P, Korkmaz M, Gülçin İ, Koksal E (2019) Preliminary phytochemical analysis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant, antiproliferative, antidiabetic and anticholinergics effects of endemic Gypsophila taxa from Turkey. J Food Biochem 43(7):e12908

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amarowicz R, Pegg RB, Rahimi-Moghaddam P, Barl B, Weil JA (2004) Free-radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Food Chem 84:551–562

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ames B (1996) Dietary carcinogens and anticarcinogenes. Grasas Aceites 47:186–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:7915–7922

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anraku M, Gebicki JM, Iohara D, Tomida H, Uekama K, Maruyama T, Hirayama F, Otagiri M (2018) Antioxidant activities of chitosans and its derivatives in in vitro and in vivo studies. Carbohydr Polym 199:141–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE, Altun M (2005) Total antioxidant capacity assay of human serum using copper(II)- neocuproine as chromogenic oxidant: the CUPRAC method. Free Radic Res 39:949–961

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE, Erça E (2006) The cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity and polyphenolic content of some herbal teas. Int J Food Sci Nutr 57:292–304

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Çelik SE (2008) Mechanism of antioxidant capacity assays and the CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity) assay. Microchim Acta 160:413–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apak R, Ozyurek M, Güçlü K, Capanoğlu E (2016) Antioxidant activity/capacity measurement. 1. Classification, physicochemical principles, mechanisms, and electron transfer (ET)-based assays. J Agric Food Chem 64:997–1027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aras A, Bursal E, Turkan F, Tohma H, Kılıç O, Gulcin I, Koksal E (2019) Phytochemical content, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antioxidant activities of endemic Lecokia cretica extracts. Chem Biodivers 16(10):e1900341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ArasHisar Ş, Hisar O, Beydemir Ş, Gülçin İ, Yanık T (2004) Effect of vitamin E on carbonic anhydrase enzyme activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Acta Vet Hung 52:413–422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnao MB (2000) Some methodological problems in the determination of antioxidant activity using chromogen radicals: a practical case. Trends Food Sci Technol 11:419–421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arosio P, Ingrassia R, Cavadini P (2009) Ferritins: a family of molecules for iron storage, antioxidation and more. Biochim Biophys Acta 1790:589–599

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arshad L, Haque MA, Bukhari SNA, Jantan I (2017) An overview of structure-activity relationship studies of curcumin analogs as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Future Med Chem 9:605–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aruoma OI (1994) Nutrition and health aspects of free radicals and antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 62:671–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aruoma OI, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B (1993) Evaluation of the antioxidant and proantioxidant actions of gallic acid and its derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 41:1880–1885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asanuma M, Nishibayashi-Asanuma S, Miyazaki I, Kohno M, Ogawa N (2001) J Neurochem 76:1895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Askin H, Yılmaz B, Gülçin İ, Taslimi P, Bakırcı S, Yıldız M, Kandemir N (2018) Antioxidant activities of aqueous extract from Iris taochia and identification of its natural chemical compounds pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. Ind J Pharm Sci 80(5):802–812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Awika JM, Rooney LW, Wu X, Prior RL, Cisneros-Zevallos L (2003) Screening methods to measure antioxidant activity of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and sorghum products. J Agric Food Chem 51:6657–6662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bae JH, Park YJ, Namiesnik J, Gülçin İ, Kim TC, Kim HC, Heo BG, Gorinstein S, Ku YG (2016) Effects of artificial lighting on bioactivity of sweet red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Int J Food Sci Technol 51(6):1378–1385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balaydın HT, Gülçin İ, Menzek A, Göksu S, Şahin E (2010) Synthesis and antioxidant properties of diphenylmethane derivative bromophenols including a natural product. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 25:685–695

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay LRC, Vinqvist MR, Mukai K, Itoh S, Morimoto H (1993) Chainbreaking phenolic antioxidants: steric and electronic effects in polyalkylchromanols, tocopherol analogs, hydroquinons, and superior antioxidants of polyalkylbenzochromanol and naphthofuran class. J Org Chem 58:7416–7420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barros AIRNA, Nunes FM, Gonçalves B, Bennett RN, Silva AP (2011) Effect of cooking on total vitamin C contents and antioxidant activity of sweet chestnuts (Castanea sativa Mill.). Food Chem 128:165–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartosz G, Janaszewska A, Ertel D, Bartosz M (1998) Simple determination of peroxyl radical-trapping capacity. Biochem Mol Biol Int 46:519–528

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayrak Ç, Taslimi P, Gülçin İ, Menzek A (2017) The first synthesis of 4-phenylbutenone derivative bromophenols including natural products and their inhibition profiles for carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Bioorg Chem 72:359–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayrak Ç, Taslimi P, Kahraman HS, Gülçin İ, Menzek A (2019) The first synthesis, carbonic anhydrase inhibition and anticholinergic activities of some bromophenol derivatives with S including natural products. Bioorg Chem 85:128–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp C, Fridovich I (1971) Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 44:276–287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benzie IFF, Strain JJ (1999) Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Method Enzymol 299:15–27

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berges A, Van Nassauw L, Timmermans JP, Vrints C (2007) Time-dependent expression pattern of nitric oxide and superoxide after myocardial infarction in rats. Pharmacol Res 55:72–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biparva P, Ehsani M, Hadjmohammadi MR (2012) Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction using extraction solvents lighter than water combined with high performance liquid chromatography for determination of synthetic antioxidants in fruit juice samples. J Food Comp Anal 27:87–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blois MS (1958) Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature 26:1199–1200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bocco A, Cuvelier ME, Richard H, Berset C (1998) Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of citrus peel and seed extracts. J Agric Food Chem 46:2123–2129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondet V, Brand-Williams W, Berset C (1997) Kinetics and mechanisms of antioxidant activity using the DPPH free radical method. Lebensm Wissen Technol 30:609–615

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bors W, Heller W, Michel C, Saran M (1990) Flavonoids as antioxidants: determination of radical-scavenging efficiencies. Methods Enzymol 186:343–355

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bors W, Heller W, Michael C, Stettmaier K (1996) Flavonoids and polyphenols: chemistry and biology. In: Cadenas E, Packer L (eds) Handbook of antioxidants. New York, Marcel Dekker, pp 409–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Bortolomeazzi R, Verardo G, Liessi A, Calle A (2010) Formation of dehydrodiisoeugenol and dehydrodieugenol from the reaction of isoeugenol and eugenol with DPPH radical and their role in the radical scavenging activity. Food Chem 118:256–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boztas M, Çetinkaya Y, Topal M, Gülçin İ, Menzek A, Şahin E, Tanc M, Supuran CT (2015) Synthesis and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I, II, IX, and XII inhibitory effects of dimethoxy-bromophenol derivatives incorporating cyclopropane moieties. J Med Chem 58(2):640–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boztas M, Taslimi P, Yavari MA, Gülçin İ, Sahin E, Menzek A (2019) Synthesis and biological evaluation of bromophenol derivatives with cyclopropyl moiety: ring opening of cyclopropane with monoester. Bioorg Chem 89:103017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier ME, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Lebensm Wissen Technol 28:25–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bray HG, Thorpe WV (1954) Analysis of components of interest in metabolism. Meth Biochem Anal 1:27–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brigelius-Flohé R, Traber MG (1999) Vitamin E: function and metabolism. FASEB J 13:1145–1155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budowski P, Menezes FGT, Dollear FG (1950) Sesame oil V. The stability of sesame oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 27:377–380

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buldurun K, Turan N, Bursal E, Mantarcı A, Turkan F, Taslimi P, Gülçin I (2020) Synthesis, spectroscopic properties, crystal structures, antioxidant activities and enzyme inhibition determination of Co(II) and Fe(II) complexes of Schiff base. Res Chem Intermed 46(1):283–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull C, McClune GJ, Free JA (1983) The mechanism of Fe-EDTA catalyzed superoxide dismutation. J Am Chem Soc 105:5290–5300

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bulut N, Koçyiğit UM, Gecibesler IH, Dastan T, Karci H, Taslimi P, Durna Dastan S, Gulcin I, Cetin A (2018) Synthesis of some novel pyridine compounds containing bis-1,2,4-triazole moiety and investigation of their antioxidant properties, carbonic anhydrase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes inhibition profiles. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 32(1):e22006

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bursal E, Gülçin İ (2011) Polyphenol contents and in vitro antioxidant activities of lyophilised aqueous extract of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). Food Res Int 44:1482–1489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bursal E, Köksal E, Gülçin İ, Bilsel G, Gören AC (2013) Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of cherry stem (Cerasus avium L.) determined by LC-MS/MS. Food Res Int 51:66–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bursal E, Aras A, Kılıç Ö, Taslimi P, Gören AC, Gulçin İ (2019) Phytochemical content, antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition effect of Salvia eriophora Boiss. & Kotschy against acetylcholinesterase, α-amylase, butyrylcholinesterase and α-glycosidase enzymes. J Food Biochem 43(3):e12776

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton GW, Ingold KU (1981) Autoxidation of biological molecules. 1. Antioxidant activity of vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro. J Am Chem Soc 103:6472–6477

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Büyükokuroğlu ME, Gülçin İ (2009) In vitro antioxidant and antiradical properties of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Phcog Mag 4:189–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Büyükokuroğlu ME, Gülçin İ, Oktay M, Kufrevioglu Öİ (2001) In vitro antioxidant properties of dantrolene sodium. Pharmacol Res 44:491–495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadenas E (1989) Biochemistry of oxygen toxicity. Ann Rev Biochem 58:79–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmakci S, Topdaş EF, Kalın P, Han H, Şekerci P, Polat Kose L, Gulcin I (2015) Antioxidant capacity and functionality of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) flour and crust in a new kind of fruity ice cream. Int J Food Sci Technol 50(2):472–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cakmakci S, Oz E, Çakıroğlu K, Polat A, Gülçin İ, Ilgaz Ş, Cheraghi KS, Ozhamamcı İ (2019) Probiotic shelf life, antioxidant, sensory, physical and chemical properties of yogurts produced with Lactobacillus acidophilus and green tea powder. Kafkas Univ Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 25(5):673–682

    Google Scholar 

  • Calliste CA, Trouillas P, Allais DP, Simon A, Duroux JL (2001) Free radical scavenging activities measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and B16 cell antiproliferative behaviors of seven plants. J Agric Food Chem 49:3321–3327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cano A, Hernández-Ruíz J, García-Cánovas F, Acosta M, Arnao MB (1998) An end-point method for estimation of the total antioxidant activity in plant material. Phytochem Anal 9:196–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao GH, Prior RL (1998) Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing the total antioxidant capacity of human serum. Clin Chem 44:1309–1315

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao G, Alessio HM, Cutler RG (1993) Oxygen-radical absorbance capacity assay for antioxidants. Free Radical Biol Med 14:303–311

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carocho M, Ferreira ICFR (2013) A review on antioxidants, prooxidants and related controversy: natural and synthetic compounds, screening and analysis methodologies and future perspectives. Food Chem Toxicol 51:15–25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celik EE, Rubio JMA, Gokmen V (2018) Behaviour of trolox with macromolecule-bound antioxidants in aqueousmedium: inhibition of auto-regeneration mechanism. Food Chem 243:428–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cetin Çakmak K, Gülçin İ (2019) Anticholinergic and antioxidant activities of usnic acid—an activity-structure insight. Toxicol Rep 6:1273–1280

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cetinkaya Y, Göçer H, Menzek A, Gulcin I (2012) Synthesis and antioxidant properties of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)(2,3,4-trihydroxyphenyl)methanone and its derivatives. Arch Pharm 345(4):323–334

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chai PC, Long LH, Halliwell B (2003) Contribution of hydrogen peroxide to the cytotoxicity of green tea and red wines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 304:650–654

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen JH, Ho CT (1997) Antioxidant activities of caffeic acid and its related hydroxycinnamic acid compounds. J Agric Food Chem 45:2374–2378

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen ZY, Chan PT, Ho KY, Fung KP, Wang J (1996) Antioxidative activity of natural flavonoids is governed by number and location of their aromatic hydroxyl groups. Chem Phys Lipids 79:157–163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Lindmark-Mansson H, Gorton L, Akesson B (2003) Antioxidant capacity of bovine milk as assayed by spectrophotometric and amperometric methods. Int Dairy J 13:927–935

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen V, Su H, Huang Z, Feng L, Nie H (2012) Neuroprotective effect of raspberry extract by inhibiting peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and hydroxyl radical formation. Food Res Int 49:22–26

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherian C, Vennila JJ, Sharan L (2019) Marine bromophenols as an effective inhibitor of virulent proteins (peptidyl T arginine deiminase, gingipain R and hemagglutinin A) in Porphyromas gingivalis. Arch Oral Biol 100:119–128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chimi H, Cillard J, Cillard P, Rahmani M (1991) Peroxyl and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of some natural phenolic antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 68:307–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cipolletti M, Fernandez VS, Montalesi E, Marino M, Fiocchetti M (2018) Beyond the antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols in cancer: the modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) signaling. Int J Mol Sci 19:2624

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Clifford MN, Scalbert A (2000) Ellagitannins-occurrence in food, bioavailability and cancer prevention. J Sci Food Agric 80:1118–1125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Çoban TA, Beydemir Ş, Gülçin İ, Ekinci D (2007) Morphine inhibits erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase in vitro and in vivo. Biol Pharm Bull 30:2257–2261

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett JT (1989) The scopoletin assay for hydrogen peroxide. A review and a better method. J Biochem Biophys Methods 18:297–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cosme F, Pinto T (2018) Vilela A (2018) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in grape juices: a chemical and sensory view. Beverages 4:22

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craft BD, Kerrihard AL, Amarowicz R, Pegg RB (2012) Phenol-based antioxidants and the in vitro methods used for their assessment. Compr Rev Food Sci F 11:148–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cui Q, Du R, Liu M, Rong L (2020) Lignans and their derivatives from plants as antivirals. Molecules 25:183

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cuppett S, Schnepf M, Hall C (1997) Natural antioxidant—are they a reality? Natural antioxidants: chemistry, health effects, and applications. AOCS Press, Champaign

    Google Scholar 

  • Dargel R (1992) Lipid peroxidation—a common pathogenetic mechanism? Exp Toxicol Pathol 44:169–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies KJ (1995) Oxidative stress: the paradox of aerobic life. Biochem Soc Symp 61:1–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehghan G, Khoshkam Z (2012) Tin(II)–quercetin complex: synthesis, spectral charac- terisation and antioxidant activity. Food Chem 131:422–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLange RJ, Glazer AN (1989) Phycoerythrin fluorescence-based assay for peroxy radicals: a screen for biologically relevant protective agents. Anal Biochem 177:300–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Demir Y, Taslimi P, Ozaslan MS, Oztaskın N, Çetinkaya Y, Gulcin I, Beydemir S, Göksu P (2018) Antidiabetic potential: In vitro inhibition effects of bromophenol and diarylmethanones derivatives on metabolic enzymes. Arch Pharm 351(12):e1800263

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diplock AT, Charleux JL, Crozier-Willi G, Kok FJ, Rice-Evans C, Roberfroid M, Stahl W, Vina-Ribes J (1998) Functional food science and defence against reactive oxidative species. Brit J Nut 80:77–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolatabadi JEN, Kashanian S (2010) A review on DNA interaction with synthetic phenolic food additives. Food Res Int 43:1223–1230

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte TL, Lunec J (2005) Review: when is an antioxidant not an antioxidant? A review of novel actions and reactions of vitamin C. Free Radic Res 39:671–686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duh PD (1998) Antioxidant activity of burdock (Arctium lappa Linne): its scavenging effect on free radical and active oxygen. J Am Oil Chem Soc 75:455–465

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durken M, Agbenu J, Finckh B, Hubner C, Pichlmeier U, Zeller W, Winkler K, Zander A, Kohlschutter A (1995) Deteriorating free radical-trapping capacity and antioxidant status in plasma during bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 15:757–762

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dziedzic SZ, Hudson BJF (1984) Phenolic acids and related compounds as antioxidants for edible oils. Food Chem 14:45–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dziezak JD (1986) Preservatives: antioxidants. Food Technol 40:94–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt MV, Lee CY, Liu RH (2000) Antioxidant activity of fresh apples. Nature 405:903–904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekinci Akdemir FN, Gulcin İ, Alwasel S (2016a) A Comparative study on the antioxidant effects of hesperidin and ellagic acid against skeletal muscle ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(S4):114–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekinci Akdemir FN, Gulcin İ, Karagöz B, Soslu R (2016b) Quercetin protects rat skeletal muscle from ischemia reperfusion injury. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(S2):162–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ekinci Akdemir FN, Albayrak M, Çalik M, Bayir Y, Gulçin İ (2017) The protective effects of p-coumaric acid on acute liver and kidney damages induced by cisplatin. Biomedicines 5(2):18

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elmastas M, Gülçin İ, Işıldak Ö, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, İbaoğlu K, Aboul-Enein HY (2006a) Antioxidant capacity of bay (Laurus nobilis L.) leave extracts. J Iran Chem Soc 3:258–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmastas M, Türkekul İ, Öztürk L, Gülçin İ, Işıldak Ö, Aboul-Enein HY (2006b) The antioxidant activity of two wild edible mushrooms (Morchella vulgaris and Morchella esculanta). Comb Chem High T Scr 9:443–448

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmastaş M, Gülçin İ, Beydemir Ş, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Aboul-Enein HY (2006c) A study on the in vitro antioxidant activity of juniper (Juniperus communis L.) seeds extracts. Anal Lett 39:47–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elmastas M, Celik SM, Genc N, Aksit H, Erenler R, Gulçin İ (2018) Antioxidant activity of an Anatolian herbal tea- Origanum minutiflorum: isolation and characterization of its secondary metabolites. Int J Food Prop 21(1):374–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eruygur N, Ataş M, Tekin M, Taslimi P, Koçyiğit UM, Gulçin İ (2019) In vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase and antidiabetic activities of Turkish endemic Achillea cucullata (Asteraceae) from ethanol extract. S Afric J Bot 120:141–145

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Etminan M, Gill SS, Samii A (2005) Intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 4:362–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ezzat SM, Shouman SA, Elkhoely A, Attia YM, Elsesy MS, El Senousy AS, Mouchira AC, El Gayed SH, El Sayed AA, Abdel Sattar E, El Tanbouly N (2018) Anticancer potentiality of lignan rich fraction of six flaxseed cultivars. Sci Rep 8(1):544

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farmer EE, Davoine C (2007) Reactive electrophile species. Curr Opin Plant Biol 10:380–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton HJH (1894) Oxidation of tartaric acid in the presence of iron. J Chem Soc Trans 65:899–910

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkel T, Holbrook NJ (2000) Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of aging. Nature 408:240–247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiorucci SB, Golebiowski J, Cabrol-Bass D, Antonczak S (2007) DFT study of quercetin activated forms ınvolved in antiradical, antioxidant, and prooxidant biological processes. J Agric Food Chem 55:903–911

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floegel A, Kim DO, Chung SJ, Koo SI, Chun OK (2011) Comparison of ABTS/DPPH assays to measure antioxidant capacity in popular antioxidant-rich US foods. J Food Comp Anal 24:1043–1048

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fogliano V, Verde V, Randazzo G, Ritieni A (1999) Method for measuring antioxidant activity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant capacity of wines. J Agric Food Chem 47:1035–1040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Folin O, Ciocalteu V (1927) On tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in proteins. J Biol Chem 73:627–650

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Formica JV, Regelson W (1995) Review of the biology of quercetin and related bioflavonoids. Food Chem Toxicol 33:1061–1080

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foti M, Piattelli M, Baratta MT, Ruberto G (1996) Flavonoids, coumarins, and cinnamic acids as antioxidants in a micellar system Structure-activity relationship. J Agric Food Chem 44:497–501

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foti MC, Daquino C, Geraci C (2004a) Abnormal solvent effects on hydrogen atom abstraction. 2. Resolution of the curcumin antioxidant controversy. The role of sequential proton loss electron transfer. J Org Chem 69:5888–5896

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foti MC, Daquino C, Geraci C (2004b) Electron-transfer reaction of cinnamic acids and their methyl esters with the DPPH· radical in alcoholic solutions. J Org Chem 69:2309–2314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel EN (1996) Antioxidants in lipid foods and their impact on food quality. Food Chem 57:51–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel EN (1998) Lipid oxidation. The Oily Press, Dundee

    Google Scholar 

  • Fridovich I (1997) Superoxide anion radical (O2·−), superoxide dismutases, and related matters. J Biol Chem 272:18515–18517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu YL, Krasnovsky AA, Foote CS (1997) Quenching of singlet oxygen and sensitized delayed phthalocyanine fluorescence. J Phys Chem A 101:2552–2554

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesan K, Kumar KS, Rao PVS (2011) Comparative assessment of antioxidant activity in three edible species of green seaweed, Enteromorpha from Okha, Northwest coast of India. Innov Food Sci Emerg 12:73–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Parrilla MC (2008) Antioxidantes en la dieta mediterránea. Nutrición Clínica en Medicina 3:129–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner PR, Fridovich I (1992) Inactivation-reactivation of aconitase in Escherichia coli. A sensitive measure of superoxide radical. J Biol Chem 267:8757–8763

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner PT, McPhail DB, Duthie GG (1998) Electron spin resonance spectroscopic assessment of the antioxidant potential of teas in aqueous and organic media. J Sci Food Agric 76:257–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garibov E, Taslimi P, Sujayev A, Bingöl Z, Çetinkaya S, Gulcin I, Beydemir S, Farzaliyev V, Alwasel SH, Supuran CT (2016) Synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidines and investigation of their acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase I/II inhibitory and antioxidant activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(S3):1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselli A, Serafini M, Maiani G, Azzini E, Ferro-Luzzi A (1995) A fluorescence-based method for measuring total plasma antioxidant capability. Free Radical Biol Med 18:29–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh N, Chakraborty T, Mallick S, Mana S, Singha D, Ghosh B, Roy S (2015) Synthesis, characterization and study of antioxidant activity of quercetin-magnesium complex. Spectrochim Acta Part A Mol Biomol Spectroscop 151:807–813

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocer H, Gulcin I (2011) Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE): correlation of structure and antioxidant properties. Int J Food Sci Nut 62(8):821–825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocer H, Akıncıoğlu A, Oztaşkın N, Göksu S, Gulcin I (2013) Synthesis, antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of sulfonamide derivatives of dopamine related compounds. Arch Pharm 346(11):783–792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gocer H, Topal F, Topal M, Küçük M, Teke D, Gulcin I, Alwasel SH, Supuran CT (2016) Acetylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes I and II inhibition profiles of taxifolin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(3):441–447

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Godbout JP, Berg BM, Kelley KW, Johnson RW (2004) α-Tocopherol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced peroxide radical formation and interleukin-6 secretion in primary murine microglia and in brain. J Neuroimmunol 149:101–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein S, Meyerstein D, Czapski G (1993) The Fenton reagents. Free Radical Biol Med 15:435–445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorden MH (1990) The mechanism of antioxidant action in vitro. In: Hudson BJF (ed) Food antioxidants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Grisham MB, Johnson GG, Lancaster JR (1996) Quantitation of nitrate and nitrite in extracellular fluids. Methods Enzymol 268:237–246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guillen-Sans R, Guzman-Chozas M (1998) The thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction in foods: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nut 38:315–330

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2002) Determination of antioxidant activity, characterization of oxidative enzymes and investigation of some in vivo properties of nettle (Urtica dioica). PhD Thesis, Ataturk University, p12.

  • Gulcin I (2005) The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds. Int J Food Sci Nutr 56:491–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2006a) Antioxidant and antiradical activities of L-Carnitine. Life Sci 78:803–811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2006b) Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid). Toxicology 217:213–220

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2007) Comparison of in vitro antioxidant and antiradical activities of l-tyrosine and l-Dopa. Amino Acids 32:431–438

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2008) Measurement of antioxidant ability of melatonin and serotonin by the DMPD and CUPRAC methods as trolox equivalent. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 23:871–876

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2009) Antioxidant activity of L-Adrenaline: an activity-structure insight. Chem Biol Interact 179:71–80

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2010) Antioxidant properties of resveratrol: a structure-activity insight. Innov Food Sci Emerg 11:210–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2011) Antioxidant activity of eugenol-a structure and activity relationship study. J Med Food 14(9):975–985

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I (2012) Antioxidant activity of food constituents: an overview. Arch Toxicol 86(3):345–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Daştan A (2007) Synthesis of dimeric phenol derivatives and determination of in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 22:685–695

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Büyükokuroğlu ME, Oktay M, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2002a) On the in vitro antioxidant properties of melatonin. J Pineal Res 33:167–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Oktay M, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Aslan A (2002b) Determinations of antioxidant activity of lichen Cetraria islandica (L) Ach. J Ethnopharmacol 79:325–329

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Büyükokuroğlu ME, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2003a) Metal chelating and hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of melatonin. J Pineal Res 34:278–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Büyükokuroğlu ME, Oktay M, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2003b) Antioxidant and analgesic activities of turpentine of Pinus nigra Arn. Subsp. pallsiana (Lamb.) Holmboe. J Ethnopharmacol 86:51–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Oktay M, Kireçci E, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2003c) Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chem 83:371–382

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Beydemir Ş, Alici HA, Elmastaş M, Büyükokuroğlu ME (2004a) In vitro antioxidant properties of morphine. Pharmacol Res 49:59–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Oktay M, Büyükokuroğlu ME (2004b) Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiulcer and analgesic activities of nettle (Urtica dioica L.). J Ethnopharmacol 90:205–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Mshvildadze V, Gepdiremen A, Elias R (2004c) Antioxidant activity of saponins isolated from ivy: α-Hederin, hederasaponin-C, hederacolchiside-E and hederacolchiside F. Planta Med 70:561–563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Şat İG, Beydemir Ş, Elmastaş M, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2004d) Comparison of antioxidant activity of clove (Eugenia caryophylata Thunb) buds and lavender (Lavandula stoechas L.). Food Chem 87:393–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Şat İG, Beydemir Ş, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2004e) Evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant properties of extracts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.). Ital J Food Sci 16:17–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Berashvili D, Gepdiremen A (2005a) Antiradical and antioxidant activity of total anthocyanins from Perilla pankinensis decne. J Ethnopharmacol 101:287–293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Beydemir Ş, Hisar O (2005b) The effect of α-tocopherol on the antioxidant enzymes activities and lipid peroxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Vet Hung 53:425–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Beydemir Ş, Şat İG, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2005c) Evaluation of antioxidant activity of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.). Acta Aliment Hung 34:193–202

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Elias R, Gepdiremen A, Boyer L (2006a) Antioxidant activity of lignans from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). Eur Food Res Technol 223:759–767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Mshvildadze V, Gepdiremen A, Elias R (2006b) Antioxidant activity of a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from the berries of Hedera colchica: 3-O-(β-D-glucopyranosyl)-hederagenin. Phytother Res 20:130–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Mshvildadze V, Gepdiremen A, Elias R (2006c) Screening of antioxidant and antiradical activity of monodesmosides and crude extract from Leontice smirnowii Tuber. Phytomedicine 13:343–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Elias R, Gepdiremen A, Boyer L, Köksal E (2007a) A comparative study on the antioxidant activity of fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.) extracts. Afr J Biotechnol 6:410–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Elmastas M, Aboul-Enein HY (2007b) Determination of antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of basil (Ocimum basilicum) assayed by different methodologies. Phytother Res 21:354–361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Oktay M, Köksal E, Şerbetçi H, Beydemir Ş, Küfrevioglu ÖI (2008a) Antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of uric acid. Asian J Chem 20:2079–2090

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Tel AZ, Kirecci E (2008b) Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and antiradical activities of Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden and Scheng. Int J Food Prop 11:450–471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Elias R, Gepdiremen A, Taoubi K, Köksal E (2009) Antioxidant secoiridoids from fringe tree (Chionanthus virginicus L.). Wood Sci Technol 43:195–212

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Bursal E, Şehitoğlu HM, Bilsel M, Gören AC (2010a) Polyphenol contents and antioxidant activity of lyophilized aqueous extract of propolis from Erzurum, Turkey. Food Chem Toxicol 48:2227–2238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Elias R, Gepdiremen A, Chea A, Topal F (2010b) Antioxidant activity of bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from Stephania rotunda: Cepharanthine and fangchinoline. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 25:44–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Huyut Z, Elmastaş M, Aboul-Enein HY (2010c) Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of tannic acid. Arab J Chem 3:43–53

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Kirecci E, Akkemik E, Topal F, Hisar O (2010d) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of an aquatic plant: Duckweed (Lemna minor L.). Turk J Biol 34(2):175–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Topal F, Çakmakçı R, Gören AC, Bilsel M, Erdoğan U (2011a) Pomological features, nutritional quality, polyphenol content analysis and antioxidant properties of domesticated and three wild ecotype forms of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). J Food Sci 76:585–593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Topal F, Çakmakçı R, Gören AC, Bilsel M, Erdoğan U (2011b) Pomological features, nutritional quality, polyphenol content analysis and antioxidant properties of domesticated and three wild ecotype forms of raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). J Food Sci 76(4):C585–C593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Topal F, Oztürk Sarikaya SB, Bursal E, Gören AC, Bilsel M (2011c) Polyphenol contents and antioxidant properties of medlar (Mespilus germanica L.). Rec Nat Prod 5:158–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Beydemir S, Topal F, Gagua N, Bakuridze A, Bayram R, Gepdiremen A (2012a) Apoptotic, antioxidant and antiradical effects of majdine and isomajdine from Vinca herbacea Waldst. and kit. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 27(4):587–594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Elmastaş M, Aboul-Enein HY (2012b) Antioxidant activitiy of clove oil—a powerful antioxidant source. Arab J Chem 5(4):489–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Gagua N, Beydemir S, Bayram R, Bakuridze A, Gepdiremen A (2012c) Apoptotic, antioxidant, antiradical and antiglaucoma effects of majdine and isomajdine from Vinca herbacea Waldst. and Kit. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 27(4):587–594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Koksal Z, Turkan F, Çetinkaya S, Bingöl Z, Huyut Z, Alwasel SH (2016) Rosmarinic acid inhibits some metabolic enzymes including glutathione S-transferase, lactoperoxidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(6):1698–1702

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Taslimi P, Aygün A, Sadeghian N, Bastem E, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Turkan F, Şen F (2018) Antidiabetic and antiparasitic potentials: inhibition effects of some natural antioxidant compounds on α-glycosidase, α-amylase and human glutathione S-transferase enzymes. Int J Biol Macromol 119:741–746

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Kaya R, Gören AC, Akıncıoğlu H, Topal M, Bingöl Z, Çetin Çakmak K, Ozturk Sarikaya SB, Durmaz L, Alwasel S (2019a) Anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) bark extracts: polyphenol contents analysis by LC-MS/MS. Int J Food Prop 22(1):1511–1526

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Tel AZ, Gören AC, Taslimi P, Alwasel S (2019b) Sage (Salvia pilifera): determination its polyphenol contents, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. J Food Measure 13(3):2062–2074

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gulcin I, Gören AC, Taslimi P, Akyuz B, Tüzün B (2020) Anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Anatolian pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium)-Analysis of its polyphenol contents by LC-MS/MS. Biocat Agric Biotechnol 23:101441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gülçin İ, Alici HA, Cesur M (2005) Determination of in vitro antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of propofol. Chem Pharm Bull 53(3):281–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haber F, Weiss J (1934) The catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxideby iron salts. Proc Roy Soc Lond Series A 147:332–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagerman AE, Riedl KM, Jones GA, Sovik KN, Ritchard NT, Hartzfeld PW, Reichel TL (1998) High molecular weight plant phenolics (tannins) as biological antioxidants. J Agric Food Chem 46:1887–1892

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (1995) Antioxidant characterization; methodology and mechanism. Biochem Pharmacol 49:1341–1348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (1996) Oxidative stress, nutrition and health. Free Radic Res 25:57–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (1997) Antioxidants in human health and disease. Ann Rev Nut 16:33–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (2006) Phagocyte-derived reactive species: salvation or suicide? Trends Biochem Sci 31:509–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Chirico S (1993) Lipid peroxidation: its mechanism, measurement, and significance. Am J Clin Nutr 57:715–725

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1984) Oxygen toxicology, oxygen radicals, transition metals and disease. Biochem J 219:1–4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free radicals in biology and medicine, 2nd edn. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1990) Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: an overview. Methods Enzymol 186:1–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Murcia MA, Chirico S, Aruoma OI (1995) Free radicals and antioxidants in food and in vivo: what they do and how they work. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 35:7–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Clement MV, Long LH (2000) Hydrogen peroxide in human body. FEBS Lett 486:10–13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamad HO, Alma MH, Gulcin I, Yılmaz MA, Karaoğul E (2017) Evaluation of phenolic contents and bioactivity of root and nutgall extracts from Iraqian Quercus infectoria Olivier. Rec Nat Prod 11(2):205–210

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han H, Yılmaz H, Gulcin I (2018) Antioxidant activity of flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and analysis of its polyphenol contents by LC-MS/MS. Rec Nat Prod 12(4):397–402

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harborne JB (1986) In: Cody V, Middleton E, Harborne JB, Alan R (eds) Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine. Liss, New York, pp 15–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Harborne JB, Baxter H, Moss GP (1999) Phytochemical dictionary: handbook of bioactive compounds from plants, 2nd edn. Taylor and Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen S, Nurmi T, Liukkonen K, Poutanen K, Wahala K, Deyama T, Nishibe S, Adlercreutz H (2001) In vitro metabolism of plant lignans: New precursors of mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. J Agric Food Chem 49(7):3178–3186

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hochstein P, Atallah AS (1988) The nature of oxidants and antioxidant systems in the inhibition of mutation and cancer. Mutat Res 202:363–375

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homma T, Kobayashi S, Fujii J (2019) Induction of ferroptosis by singlet oxygen generated from naphthalene endoperoxide. Biochem Biophys Res Comun 518:519–525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou YC, Janczuk A, Wang PG (1999) Current trends in the development of nitric oxide donors. Curr Pharm Des 5:417–441

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hou WC, Lin RD, Cheng KT, Hung YT, Cho CH, Chen CH, Hwang SY, Lee MH (2003) Free radical-scavenging activity of Taiwanese native plants. Phytomedicine 10:170–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu C, Ding Y (1996) Antioxidant effect of flavonoids in different oxidation systems. Food Ferment Ind 22:46–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu JP, Calomme M, Lasure A, De Bruyne T, Peters L, Vlietinck A, Van den Berghe DA (1995) Structure-activity relationship of flavonoids with superoxide scavenging activity. Biol Trace Element Res 47:327–331

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang DJ, Ou BX, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan JA, Deemer EK (2002a) Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated â-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer. J Agric Food Chem 50:1815–1821

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang DJ, Ou BX, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan JA, Prior RL (2002b) High-throughput assay of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) using a multichannel liquid handling system coupled with a microplate fluorescence reader in 96-well format. J Agric Food Chem 50:4437–4444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang D, Ou B, Prior RL (2005) The chemistry behind antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem 53:1841–1856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson JF (1990) Food antioxidants. Elsevier Applied Science, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Husain SR, Cillard J, Cillard P (1987) Hydroxyl radical-scavenging activity of flavonoids. Phytochemistry 26:2489–2491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huyut Z, Beydemir Ş, Gülçin İ (2017) Antioxidant and antiradical properties of selected flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Biochem Res Int 2017:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inatani R, Nakatani N, Fuwa H (1983) Antioxidative effect of the constituents of rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis L.) and their derivatives. Agric Biol Chem 47:521–528

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenti A, Gulcin I, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT (2010a) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Antioxidant polyphenol natural products effectively inhibit mammalian isoforms I–XV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 20:5050–5053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenti A, Öztürk Sarıkaya SB, Gulcin I, Supuran CT (2010b) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of mammalian isoforms I–XIV with a series of natural product polyphenols and phenolic acids. Bioorg Med Chem 18:2159–2164

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isik M, Korkmaz M, Bursal E, Gulcin I, Köksal E, Tohma H (2015) Determination of antioxidant properties of Gypsophila bitlisensis. Int J Pharmacol 11(4):366–371

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isik M, Beydemir S, Yılmaz A, Naldan ME, Aslan HE, Gulcin I (2017) Oxidative stress and mRNA expression of acetylcholinesterase in the leukocytes of ischemic patients. Biomed Pharmacother 87:561–567

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jayashree BS, Nigam S, Pai A, Chowdary PVR (2014) Overview on the recently developed coumarinyl heterocycles as useful therapeutic agents. Arab J Chem 7:885–899

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jee J, Lim S, Park J, Kim C (2006) Stabilization of all-trans retinol by loading lipophilic antioxidants in solid lipid nanoparticles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 63:134–139

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Q, Christen S, Shigenaga MK, Ames BN (2001) Gamma-tocopherol, the major form of vitamin E in the US diet, deserves more attention. Am J Clin Nut 74:714–722

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson EJ, Hammond BR, Yeum KJ, Qin J, Wang XD, Castaneda C, Snodderly DM, Russell RM (2000) Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1555–1562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic SV, Steenken S, Tosic M, Marjanovic B, Simic MG (1994) Flavonoids as antioxidants. J Am Chem Soc 116:4846–4851

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jovanovic SV, Steenken S, Boone CW, Simic MG (1999) H-atom transfer is a preferred antioxidant mechanism of curcumin. J Am Chem Soc 121:9677–9681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadoma Y, Ishihara M, Fujisawa S (2006) A quantitative approach to the free radical interaction between alpha-tocopherol and the coantioxidants eugenol, resveratrol or ascorbate. Vivo 20:61–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalın P, Gulcin I, Gören AC (2015) Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon). Rec Nat Prod 9(4):496–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Kamal-Eldin A, Budilarto E (2015) Tocopherols and tocotrienols as antioxidants for food preservation. In: Shahidi F (ed) Handbook of antioxidants for food preservation. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, pp 141–159

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kandemir FM, Kucukler S, Eldutar E, Caglayan C, Gulcin I (2017a) Chrysin protects rat kidney from paracetamol-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy: a multi-biomarker approach. Sci Pharm 85(1):4

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kandemir MF, Küçükler S, Çağlayan C, Gür C, Batıl AA, Gulcin I (2017b) Therapeutic effects of silymarin and naringin on methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats: Biochemical evaluation of anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic properties. J Food Biochem 41(5):e12398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karakaya S (2004) Bioavailability of phenolic compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 44:453–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karaman S, Tütem E, Başkan KS, Apak R (2009) Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC-CUPRAC assay. Food Chem 120:1201–1209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashanian S, Dolatabadi JEN (2009) DNA binding studies of 2-tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) food additive. Food Chem 116:743–747

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaviarasan S, Naik GH, Gangabhagirathi R, Anuradha CV, Priyadarsini KI (2007) In vitro studies on antiradical and antioxidant activities of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds. Food Chem 103:31–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawabata J, Okamoto Y, Kodama A, Makimoto T, Kasai T (2002) Oxidative dimers produced from protocatechuic and gallic esters in the DPPH radical scavenging reaction. J Sci Food Agric 50:5468–5471

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazazica SP, Butkovica V, Srazica D, Klasinc L (2006) Gas-phase ligation of Fe+ and Cu+ ions with some flavonoids. J Agric Food Chem 54:8391–8396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kehrer JP (2000) The Haber–Weiss reaction and mechanisms of toxicity. Toxicology 149:43–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King DW, Lin J, Kester DR (1991) Spectrophotometric determination of iron (II) in seawater at nanomolar concentrations. Anal Chim Acta 247:125–132

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein E, Lukes V, Ilcin M (2007) DFT/B3LYP study of tocopherols and chromans antioxidant action energetics. Chem Phys 336:51–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohri S, Fujii H, Oowada S, Endoh N, Sueishi Y, Kusakabe M, Shimmei M, Kotake Y (2009) An oxygen radical absorbance capacity-like assay that directly quantifies the antioxidant's scavenging capacity against AAPH-derived free radicals. Anal Biochem 386:167–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koksal E, Gulcin I (2008) Antioxidant activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.). Turk J Agric For 32:65–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koksal E, Gulcin I, Öztürk Sarıkaya SB, Bursal E (2009) On the in vitro antioxidant activity of silymarin. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 24:395–405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koksal E, Bursal E, Dikici E, Tozoğlu F, Gulcin I (2011) Antioxidant activity of Melissa officinalis leaves. J Med Plants Res 5(2):217–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Koksal E, Bursal E, Gulcin I, Korkmaz M, Çağlayan C, Goren AC, Alwasel SH (2017a) Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Turkish thyme (Thymus vulgaris) monitored by LC-MS/MS. Int J Food Prop 20(3):514–525

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koksal E, Tohma H, Kılıç O, Alan Y, Aras A, Gulcin I, Bursal E (2017b) Assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Nepeta trachonitica-analysis of its phenolic compounds using HPLC-MS/MS. Sci Pharm 15:85

    Google Scholar 

  • Koksal Z, Kalın R, Kalın P, Karaman M, Gulcin I, Özdemir H (2020) Lactoperoxidase ınhibition of some natural phenolic compounds: kinetics and molecular docking studies. J Food Biochem 44(2):e13132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koleva AI, Petkova-Yankova NI, Nikolova RD (2019) Synthesis and chemical properties of 3-phosphono-coumarins and 1,2-benzoxaphosphorins as precursors for bioactive compounds. Molecules 24:2030

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kooy NW, Royall JA, Ischiropoulos H, Beckman JS (1994) Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation of dihydrorhodamine 123. Free Radical Biol Med 16:149–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koudelka S, Turanek Knotigova P, Masek J, Prochazka L, Lukac R, Miller AD, Turanek J (2015) Liposomal delivery systems for anti-cancer analogues of vitamin E. J Control Release 207:59–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krawczyk H (2019) The stilbene derivatives, nucleosides, and nucleosides modified by stilbene derivatives. Bioorg Chem 90:103073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krishnadev N, Meleth AD, Chew EY (2010) Nutritional supplements for age-related macular degeneration. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 21:184–189

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Krol W, Czuba ZP, Threadgill MD, Cunningham BDM, Pietsz G (1995) Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO.) production in murine macrophages by flavones. Biochem Pharmacol 50:1031–1035

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroon PA, Williamson G (1999) Hydroxycinnamates in plants and food: current and future perspectives. J Sci Food Agric 79:355–361

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulawik P, Ozogul F, Glew R, Ozogul Y (2013) Significance of antioxidants for seafood safety and human health. J Agric Food Chem 61:475–491

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lampe JW (2003) Isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens as dietary biomarkers. J Nutr 133:956S–964S

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lampi AM, Piironen V (1998) α and γ-tocopherols as efficient antioxidants in butter oil triacylglycerols. Fett/Lipid 100:292–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lavelli V, Hippeli S, Peri C, Elstner EF (1999) Evaluation of radical scavenging activity of fresh and air-dried tomatoes by three model reactions. J Agric Food Chem 47:3826–2831

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leinonen J, Rantalaiho V, Lehtimaki T, Koivula T, Wirta O, Pasternack A, Alho H (1998) The association between the total antioxidant potential of plasma and the presence of coronary heart disease and renal dysfunction in patients with NIDDM. Free Radic Res 29:273–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lemanska K, Szymusiak H, Tyrakowska B, Zielinski R, Soffer AEMF, Rietjens IMCM (2001) The influence of pH on the antioxidant properties and the mechanisms of antioxidant action of hydroxyflavones. Free Radic Biol Med 31:869–881

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, Welch RW, Washko PW, Dhariwal KR, Park JB, Lazarev A, Graumlich JF, King J, Cantilena LR (1996) Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3704–3709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lichtenstein AH (2009) Nutrient supplements and cardiovascular disease: a heartbreaking story. J Lipid Res 50:S429–S433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Liochev SI, Fridovich I (1995) Superoxide from glucose oxidase or from nitroblue tetrazolium. Arch Biochem Biophys 318:408–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Litwinienko G, Ingold KU (2004) Abnormal solvent effects on hydrogen atom abstraction. 2. Resolution of the curcumin antioxidant controversy. The role of sequential proton loss electron transfer. J Org Chem 69:5888–5896

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lobo V, Phatak A, Chandra N (2010) Free radicals and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 4:118–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo Y, Azqueta A, Luna L, Bonilla F, Dominguez G, Collins AR (2008) The carotenoid β-cryptoxanthin stimulates the repair of DNA oxidation damage in addition to acting as an antioxidant in human cells. Carcinogenesis 30:308–314

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 193:265–275

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald-Wicks LK, Wood LG, Garg ML (2006) Methodology for the determination of biological antioxidant capacity in vitro: a review. J Sci Food Agric 86:2046–2056

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macheix JJ, Fleurit A, Billot J (1990) Fruit phenolics. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes LM, Segundo MA, Reis S, Lima JLFC (2008) Methodological aspects about in vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties. Anal Chim Acta 613:1–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magalhaes LM, Santos M, Segundo MA, Reis S, Lima JLFC (2009) Flow injection based methods for fast screening of antioxidant capacity. Talanta 77:1559–1566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maharramova G, Taslimi P, Sujayev A, Farzaliyev V, Durmaz L, Gulçin İ (2018) Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, and antiepileptic properties of novel N-substituted tetrahydropyrimidines based on phenylthiourea. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 32(12):e22221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mangels AR, Block G, Frey CM, Patterson BH, Taylor PR, Norkus EP, Levander OA (1993) The bioavailability to humans of ascorbic acid from oranges, orange juice and cooked broccoli is similar to that of synthetic ascorbic acid. J Nutr 123:1054–1061

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcocci I, Marguire JJ, Droy-lefaiz MT, Packer L (1994) The nitric oxide scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201:748–755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markulin L, Corbin C, Renouard S, Drouet S, Gutierrez L, Mateljak I, Auguin D, Hano C, Fuss E, Laine E (2019) Pinoresinol-lariciresinol reductases, key to the lignan synthesis in plants. Planta 249:1695–1714

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marnett LJ (1999) Lipid peroxidation-DNA damage by malondialdehyde. Mutat Res 424:83–95

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Di Mascio P, Kaiser S, Sies H (1989) Lycopene as the most efficient biological carotenoid singlet oxygen quencher. Arch Biochem Biophy 274:532–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Mascio P, Martinez GR, Miyamoto S, Ronsein GE, Medeiros MHG, Cadet J (2019) Singlet molecular oxygen reactions with nucleic acids, lipids, andproteins. Chem Rev 119:2043–2086

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mastelic J, Jerkovic I, Blazevic I, Poljak-Blazi M, Borovic S, Ivancic-Bace I, Smrecki V, Zarkovic N, Brcic-Kostic K, Vikiç-Topic D, Müller N (2008) Comparative study on the antioxidant and biological activities of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 56:3989–3996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo M, Kaneko T (1999) Lipid peroxidation. In: Yu BP (ed) Methods in aging research. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 571–606

    Google Scholar 

  • Miguel MG (2010) Antioxidant activity of medicinal and aromatic plants. A review. Flavour Fragr J 25:291–312

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milardovic S, Ivekovic D, Grabaric BS (2006) A novel amperometric method for antioxidant activity determination using DPPH free radical. Bioelectrochemistry 68:175–180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller NJ, Rice-Evans CA, Davies MJ, Gopinathan V, Milner A (1993) A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates. Clin Sci 84:407–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller NJ, Sampson J, Candeias LP, Bramley PM, Rice-Evans CA (1996) Antioxidant activities of carotenes and xanthophylls. FEBS Lett 384:240–242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monego DL, Barcellos da Rosa M, Cícero do Nascimento P (2017) Applications of computational chemistry to the study of the antiradical activity of carotenoids: a review. Food Chem 217:37–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen A, Skibsted LH (1997) Importance of carotenoid structure in radical scavenging reactions. J Agric Food Chem 45:2970–2977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland CW, Strain JJ (1991) Serum total free radical trapping ability in acute myocardial infarction. Clin Bichem 24:437–441

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musialik M, Kuzmicz R, Pawłowski TS, Litwinienko G (2009) Acidity of hydroxyl groups: an overlooked influence on antiradical properties of flavonoids. J Org Chem 74:2699–2709

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagata N, Momose K, Ishida Y (1999) Inhibitory effects of catecholamines and anti-oxidants on the fluorescence reaction of 4,5-diaminofluorescein, DAF-2, a novel indicator of nitric oxide. J Biochem 125:658–661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naguib YMA (1998) A fluorometric method for measurement of peroxyl radical scavenging activities of lipophilic antioxidants. Anal Biochem 265:290–298

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nair V, O'Neil CL, Wang PG (2008) Malondialdehyde. Encyclopedia of reagents for organic synthesis. John Wiley & Sons, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Nanditha B, Prabhasankar P (2009) Antioxidants in bakery products: a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 49:1–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nazck M, Shahidi F (2006) Phenolics in cereals, fruits and vegetables: occurrence, extraction and analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 41:1523–1542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemeth K, Plumb GW, Berrin JG, Juge N, Jacob R, Naim HY, Williamson G, Swallow DM, Kroon PA (2003) Deglycosylation by small intestinal epithelial cell beta-glucosidases is a critical step in the absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides in humans. Eur J Nutr 42:29–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nenadis N, Boyle S, Bakalbassis EG, Tsimidou M (2003) An experimental approach to structure-activity relationships of caffeic and dihydrocaffeic acids and related monophenols. JAOCS 80:451–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuhaus WC, Jemison AL, Kozlowski MC (2019) Vanadium-catalyzed selective oxidative homocoupling of alkenyl phenols to synthesize lignan analogs. ACS Catalysis 9:11067–11073

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Niki E, Kawakami A, Yamamoto Y, Kamiya Y (1985) Oxidation of lipids: VIII. Synergistic inhibition of oxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposome in aqueous dispersion by vitamin E and vitamin C. Bull Chem Soc Jap 58:1971–1975

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oktay M, Gulcin I, Küfrevioğlu Öİ (2003) Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) seed extracts. Lebensm Wissen Technol 36:263–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Omura K (1995) Antioxidant synergism between butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. J Am Oil Chem Soc 72:1565–1570

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orhan IE, Gulcan HO (2015) Coumarins: auspicious cholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Curr Topics Med Chem 15:1673–1682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Prior RL (2001) Development and validation of an improved oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using fluorescein as the fluorescent probe. J Agric Food Chem 49:4619–4626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ou B, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan J, Deemer EK, Prior RL, Huang D (2002a) Novel fluorometric assay for hydroxyl radical prevention capacity using fluorescein as the probe. J Agric Food Chem 50:2772–2777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ou B, Huang D, Hampsch-Woodill M, Flanagan JA, Deemer EK (2002b) Analysis of antioxidant activities of common vegetables employing oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays: a comparative study. J Agric Food Chem 50:3122–3128

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ou B, Prior RL, Huang D (2005) The chemistry behind dietary antioxidant capacity assays. J Agric Food Chem 53:1841–1856

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozbey F, Taslimi P, Gulcin I, Maraş A, Goksu S, Supuran CT (2016) Synthesis, acetylcholinesterase, butyrilcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory and metal chelating properties of some novel diaryl ether. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(S2):79–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oztaskin N, Çetinkaya Y, Taslimi P, Göksu S, Gulcin I (2015) Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibition properties of novel bromophenol derivatives. Bioorg Chem 60:49–57

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oztaskin N, Taslimi P, Maraş A, Göksu S, Gulcin I (2017) Novel antioxidant bromophenols with acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase inhibitory actions. Bioorg Chem 74:104–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oztaskin N, Kaya R, Maraş A, Sahin E, Gulcin I, Göksu S (2019) Synthesis and characterization of novel bromophenols: determination of their anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. Bioorg Chem 87:91–102

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk Sarıkaya SB, Gulcin I, Supuran CT (2010) Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Inhibition of human erythrocyte isozymes I and II with a series of phenolic acids. Chem Biol Drug Des 75:515–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk Sarikaya SB, Topal F, Şentürk M, Gulcin I, Supuran CT (2011) In vitro inhibition of α-carbonic anhydrase isozymes by some phenolic compounds. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 21:4259–4262

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozyurek M, Bektasoglu B, Guclu K, Gungor N, Apak R (2010) A novel hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay of phenolics and flavonoids using cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methodology. J Food Comp Anal 23:689–698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L (2007) Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 87:315–424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Packer L (1996) Nitric oxide. Part A: sources and detection of NO; NO synthase. Method Enzymol 268:331–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos G, Boskou D (1991) Antioxidant effect of natural phenols on olive oil. J Am Oil Chem Soc 68:669–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parejo I, Viladomat F, Bastida J, Rosas-Romero A, Flerlage N, Burillo J, Codina C (2002) Comparison between the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of six distilled and nondistilled Mediterranean herbs and aromatic plants. J Agric Food Chem 50:6882–6890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pekkarinen SS, Heinonen IM, Hopia AI (1999a) Flavonoids quercetin, myricetin, kaemferol and (+)-catechin as antioxidants in methyl linoleate. J Sci Food Agric 79:499–506

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pekkarinen SS, Stöckmann H, Schwarz K, Heinonen IM, Hopia AI (1999b) Antioxidant activity and participation of phenolic acids in bulk and emulsified methyl linoleate. J Agric Food Chem 47:3036–3043

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez C, Sanchez J, Marmol F, Puig-Parellada P, Pouplana R (2007) Reactivity of biologically important NSAID compounds with superoxide (O2.−), nitric oxide (.NO) and cyclooxygenase inhibition. QSAR Comb Sci 26:368–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Jimenez J, Saura-Calixto F (2005) Literature data may underestimate the actual antioxidant capacity of cereals. J Agric Food Chem 53:5036–5040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pietta PG (2000) Flavonoids as antioxidants. J Nat Prod 63:1035–1042

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pokorny J (1987) Major factors affecting the autoxidation of lipids’. In: Chan HWS (ed) Autoxidation of unsaturated lipids. Academic Press, London, pp 141–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokorny J (1999) Antioxidants in food preservation’. In: Shafiur Rahman M (ed) Handbook of food preservation. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 309–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokorny J, Yanishlieva N, Gordon M (2000) Antioxidants in food. Practical applications. CRC Press LLC, North and South America

    Google Scholar 

  • Polat Köse L, Gulcin I (2017) Inhibition effects of some lignans on carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. Rec Nat Prod 11(6):558–561

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polat Köse L, Gulcin I, Gören AC, Namiesnik J, Martinez-Ayala AL, Gorinstein S (2015) LC-MS/MS analysis, antioxidant and anticholinergic properties of galanga (Alpinia officinarum Hance) rhizomes. Ind Crops Prod 74:712–721

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior RL, Cao G (1999) In vivo total antioxidant capacity: comparison of different analytical methods. Free Radic Biol Med 27:1173–1181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prior RL, Wu XL, Schaich K (2005) Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. J Agric Food Chem 53:4290–4302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pryor WA, Stanley JP (1975) Letter: a suggested mechanism for the production of malonaldehyde during the autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nonenzymatic production of prostaglandin endoperoxides during autoxidation. J Org Chem 40:3615–3617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pulido R, Bravo L, Saura-Calixto F (2000) Antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols as determined by a modified ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay. J Agric Food Chem 48:3396–3402

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pulido R, Hernandez-Garcia M, Saura-Calixto F (2003) Contribution of beverages to the intake of lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants in the Spanish diet. Eur J Clin Nutr 57:1275–1282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quick KL, Hardt JI, Dugan LL (2000) Rapid microplate assay for superoxide scavenging efficiency. J Neurosci Methods 97:138–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramanathan L, Das NP (1993) Effect of natural copper chelating components on the pro-oxidant activity of ascorbic acid in steam-cooked ground fish. Int J Food Sci Technol 28:279–288

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reaven PD, Witztum JL (1996) Oxidized low density lipoproteins in atherogenesis: role of dietary modification. Ann Rev Nut 16:51–71

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regoli F, Winston GW (1999) Quantification of total oxidant scavenging capacity of antioxidants for peroxynitrite, peroxyl radicals, and hydroxyl radicals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 156:96–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rezai M, Bayrak Ç, Taslimi P, Gulcin I, Menzek A (2018) The first synthesis, antioxidant and anticholinergic activities of 1-(4,5-dihydroxybenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one derivative bromophenols including natural products. Turk J Chem 42(3):808–825

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riccioni G (2009) Carotenoids and cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 11:434–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice-Evans C, Miller NJ (1994) Total antioxidant status in plasma and body fluids. Method Enzymol 234:279–293

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G (1996) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radical Bio Med 20:933–956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimm EB, Katan MB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Willett W (1996) Relation between intake of flavonoids and risk for coronary heart disease in male health professionals. Ann Intern Med 125:384–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins RJ (2003) Phenolic acids in foods: an overview of analytical methodology. J Agric Food Chem 51:2866–2887

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez-Bonilla P, Gandía-Herrero F, Matencio A, Garcia-Carmona F, Lopez-Nicolas JM (2017) Comparative study of the antioxidant capacity of four stilbenes using ORAC, ABTSþ, and FRAP techniques. Food Anal Methods 10:2994–3000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roginsky V, Lissi EA (2005) Review of methods to determine chain-breaking antioxidant activity in food. Food Chem 92:235–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roginsky VA, Barsukova TK, Remosova AA, Bors W (1996) Moderate antioxidative efficiency of flavonoids during peroxidation of methyl linoleate in homogenous and micellar solutions. J Am Oil Chem Soc 73:777–786

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross KA, Beta TS, Arntfield D (2009) A comparative study on the phenolic acids identified and quantified in dry beans using HPLC as affected by different extraction and hydrolysis methods. Food Chem 113:336–344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvo F, Bezin J, Bosco-Levy P, Letinier L, Blin P, Pariente A, Moore N (2017) Pharmacological treatments of cardiovascular diseases: evidence from real-lifestudies. Pharmacol Res 118:43–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samadi A, Soriano E, Revuelta J, Valderas C, Chioua M, Garrido I, Bartolomé B, Tomassolli I, Ismaili L, González-Lafuente L, Villarroya M, García AG, Oset-Gasque MJ, Marco-Contelles J (2011) Synthesis, structure, theoretical and experimental in vitro antioxidant/pharmacological properties of a-aryl, N-alkyl nitrones, as potential agents for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Bioorg Med Chem 19:951–960

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samsonowicz M, Regulska E (2017) Spectroscopic study of molecular structure, antioxidant activity and biological effects of metal hydroxyflavonol complexes. Spectrochim Acta Part A: Mol Biomol Spec 173:757–771

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Mareno C (2002) Review: Methods used to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity in foods and biological systems. Food Sci Technol Intern 8:121–137

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santocono M, Zurria M, Berrettini M, Fedeli D, Falcioni G (2006) Influence of astaxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein on DNA damage and repair in UVA-irradiated cells. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 85:205–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarı Y, Aktaş A, Taslimi P, Gök Y, Caglayan C, Gulcin I (2018) Novel N-propylphthalimide and 4-vinylbenzyl substituted benzimidazole salts: synthesis, characterization and determination of their metal chelating effects and inhibition profiles against acetylcholinesterase, and carbonic anhydrase enzymes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 32(1):e22009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sartor V, Henderson PT, Schuster GB (1999) Radical cation transport and reaction in RNA/DNA hybrid duplexes: effect of global structure on reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 121:11027–11033

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schieke SM, Briviba K, Klotz LO, Sies H (1999) Activation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinases elicited by peroxynitrite: attenuation by selenite supplementation. FEBS Lett 448:301–303

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schleisier K, Harwat M, Bohm V, Bitsch R (2002) Assessment of antioxidant activity by using different in vitro methods. Free Radic Res 36:177–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sehitoglu MH, Han H, Kalin P, Gulcin I, Ozkan A, Aboul-Enein HY (2015) Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) gum: a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen species. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 30(2):264–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sen CK, Packer L (1996) Antioxidant and redox regulation of gene transcription. FEBS Lett 10:709–720

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sentürk M, Gulcin I, Beydemir Ş, Küfrevioğlu Öİ, Supuran CT (2011) In vitro inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase I and II isozymes with natural phenolic compounds. Chem Biol Drug Des 77:494–499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serbetci Tohma H, Gulcin I (2010) Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of aerial parts and roots of Turkish liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). Int J Food Prop 13:657–671

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi F, Ambigaipalan P (2015) Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: antioxidant activity and health effects—a review. J Funct Foods 18:820–897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi F, Naczk M (2004) Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 1–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi F, Wanasundara U (1995) Effect of natural antioxidants on the stability of canola oil. Dev Food Sci 37:469–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi F, Zhong Y (2015) Measurement of antioxidant activity. J Func Foods 18:757–781

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahidi F, Janitha PK, Wanasundara PD (1992) Phenolic antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 32:67–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin ER (1990) In: Branen AL, Davidson PM, Salminen S (eds) Food additives. Marvel Dekker Inc., New York, pp 139–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Shivakumar A, Kumar MSY (2018) Critical review on the analytical mechanistic steps in the evaluation of antioxidant activity. Crit Rev Anal Chem 48:214–236

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siah CW, Trinder D, Olynyk JK (2005) Iron overload. Clin Chim Acta 358:24–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sies H (1991) Oxidative stress: from basic research to clinical application. Am J Med 91:31–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sies H (1993) Strategies of antioxidant defence. Eur J Biochem 215:213–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sies H (1997) Oxidative stress: oxidants and antioxidants. Exp Physiol 82:291–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sies H, Stahl W (1995) Vitamins E and C, β-carotene, and other carotenoids as antioxidants. Am J Clin Nut 62:1315–1321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simic MG (1981) Free radical mechanism of autoxidation process. J Chem Educ 58:125–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sindhi V, Gupta V, Sharma K, Bhatnagar S, Kumari R, Dhaka N (2013) Potential applications of antioxidants—a review. J Pharm Res 7:828–835

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singleton VL, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventós RM (1999) Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol 299:152–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skalicka-Wozniaka K, Erdogan Orhan I, Cordell GA, Nabavi SM, Budzynska B (2016) Implication of coumarins towards central nervous system disorders. Pharmacol Res 103:188–203

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares JR, Dins TCP, Cunha AP, Ameida LM (1997) Antioxidant activity of some extracts of Thymus zygis. Free Radic Res 26:469–478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somogyi A, Rosta K, Pusztai P, Tulassay Z, Nagy G (2007) Antioxidant measurements. Physiol Meas 28:R41–R55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spickett CM, Wiswedel I, Siems W, Zarkovic K, Zarkovic N (2010) Advances in methods for the determination of biologically relevant lipid peroxidation products. Free Radic Res 44:1172–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sroka Z, Cisowski W (2003) Hydrogen peroxide scavenging, antioxidant and anti-radical activity of some phenolic acids. Food Chem Toxicol 41:753–758

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • St Angelo AJ (1996) Lipid oxidation in foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 36:175–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Sies H (1993) Physical quenching of singlet-oxygen and cis-trans isomerization of carotenoids. Ann NY Acad Sci 691:10–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl W, Sies H (2003) Antioxidant activity of carotenoids. Mol Asp Med 24:345–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stasko A, Brezova V, Biskupic S, Misik V (2007) The potential pitfalls of using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl to characterize antioxidants in mixed water solvents. Free Radic Res 41:379–390

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stryer L (1995) Biochemistry, 4th edn. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, p 732

    Google Scholar 

  • Sujayev A, Garibov E, Taslimi P, Gulcin I, Gojayeva S, Farzaliyev V, Alwasel SH, Supuran CT (2016) Synthesis of some tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylates, determination of their metal chelating effects and inhibition profiles against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(6):1531–1539

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Susan D, Arnum V (1998) Vitamin A in Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. John Wiley, New York, pp 99–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahama U (1984) Hydrogen peroxide dependent oxidation of quercetin by intact spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 74:852–857

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takahama U (1985) Inhibition of lipoxygenase-dependent lipid peroxidation by quercetin: mechanism of antioxidative function. Phytochemistry 24:1443–2146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talaz O, Gulcin I, Göksu S, Saracoglu N (2009) Antioxidant activity of 5,10-dihydroindeno[1,2-b]indoles containing substituents on dihydroindeno part. Bioorg Med Chem 17:6583–6589

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanizawa H, Ohkawa Y, Takino Y, Ueno A, Kageyama T, Hara S (1992) Studies on natural antioxidants in citrus species. I. Determination of antioxidant activities of citrus fruits. Chem Pharm Bull 40:1940–1942

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tarpey MM, Wink DA, Grisham MB (2004) Methods for detection of reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen: in vitro and in vivo considerations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286:R431–R444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taslimi P, Gulcin I (2018) Antioxidant and anticholinergic properties of olivetol. J Food Biochem 42(3):e12516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taslimi P, Gulcin I, Öztaşkın N, Çetinkaya Y, Göksu S, Alwasel SH, Supuran CT (2016) The effects of some bromophenol derivatives on human carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(4):603–607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taslimi P, Sujayev A, Garibov E, Nazarov N, Huyut Z, Alwasel SH, Gulcin I (2017) The synthesis of new cyclic thioureas and evaluation of their metal-chelating activity, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and carbonic anhydrase inhibition profiles. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 31(7):e21897

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taslimi P, Aslan HE, Demir Y, Öztaşkın N, Maraş A, Gulcin I, Beydemir Ş, Göksu Ş (2018a) Diarilmethanon, bromophenols and diarilmetan compounds: discovery of potent aldose reductase, α-amylase and α-glycosidase inhibitors as new therapeutic approach in diabetes and functional hyperglycemia. Int J Biol Macromol 119:857–863

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taslimi P, Sujayev E, Turkan F, Garibov E, Huyut Z, Farzaliyev F, Mamedova S, Gulcin I (2018b) Synthesis and investigation of the conversion reactions of pyrimidine-thiones with nucleophilic reagent and evaluation of their acetylcholinesterase, carbonic anhydrase inhibition and antioxidant activities. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 32(2):e22019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson D, Moldeus P (1988) Citotoxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 37:2201–2207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tohma H, Köksal E, Kılıç Ö, Alan Y, Yılmaz MA, Gulcin I, Bursal E, Alwasel SH (2016) RP-HPLC/MS/MS analysis of the phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Salvia L. species. Antioxidants 5:38

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tohma H, Gulcin I, Bursal E, Gören AC, Alwasel SH, Köksal E (2017) Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) determined by HPLC-MS/MS. J Food Meas 11(2):556–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomiyama S, Sakai S, Nishiyama T, Yamada F (1993) Factors influencing the antioxidant activities of phenols by an ab initio study. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 66:299–304

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topal M, Gulcin I (2014) Rosmarinic acid: a potent carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes inhibitor. Turk J Chem 38(5):894–902

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Topal F, Topal M, Gocer H, Kalın P, Koçyiğit UM, Gulcin I, Alwasel SH (2016a) Antioxidant activity of taxifolin: An activity-structure relationship. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(4):674–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Topal M, Gocer H, Topal F, Kalin P, Polat Köse P, Gulcin I, Çakmak KC, Küçük M, Durmaz L, Gören AC, Alwasel SH (2016b) Antioxidant, antiradical and anticholinergic properties of cynarin purified from the illyrian thistle (Onopordum illyricum L.). J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(2):266–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turan B, Sendil K, Sengul E, Gultekin MS, Taslimi P, Gulcin I, Supuran CT (2016) The synthesis of some β-lactams and investigation of their metal chelating activity, carbonic anhydrase and achetylcholinesterase inhibition profiles. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 31(S1):79–88

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turkan F, Atalar MN, Aras A, Gulcin I, Bursal E (2020) ICP-MS and HPLC analyses, enzyme inhibition and antioxidant potential of Achillea schischkinii Sosn. Bioorg Chem 94:103333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tutem E, Apak R, Baykut F (1991) Spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of copper(I) and reducing agents with neocuproine in the presence of copper(II). Analyst 116:89–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela AB, Nieto SK (1996) Synthetic and natural antioxidants: food quality protectors. Grasas Aceites 47:186–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, Telser J (2004) Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol Cell Biochem 266:37–56

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncola J, Izakovic M, Mazura M (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Int 160:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valkonen M, Kuusi T (1997) Spectrophotometric assay for total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant potential in human serum. J Lipid Res 38:823–833

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Acker SABE, van den Berg DZ, Tromp MNJL, Griffoen DH, van Bennekom WP, van der Vijgh WJF, Bast A (1996) Structural aspects of antioxidant activity of flavonoids. Free Radic Biol Med 20:331–342

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Berg R, Haenen GRMM, Van den Berg H, Bast A (1999) Applicability of an improved Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay for evaluation of antioxidant capacity measurements of mixtures. Food Chem 66:511–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vianello R, Maksic ZB (2006) Triadic analysis of substituent effects-gas-phase acidity of para-substituted phenols. Tetrahedron 62:3402–3411

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vriesman MF, Haenen GRMM, Westerveld GJ, Paquay JBG, Voss HP, Bast A (1997) A method for measuring nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. Scavenging properties of sulfur-containing compounds. Pharm World Sci 19:283–286

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner DDM, Burton GW, Ingold KU, Locke S (1985) Quantitative measurement of the total, peroxyl radical trapping antioxidant capability of human blood plasma by controlled peroxidation. The important contribution made by plasma proteins. FEBS Lett 18:33–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber P, Bendich A, Schalch W (1996) Vitamin C and human health-a review of recent data relevant to human requirements. Int J Vit Nut Res 66:19–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White PJ, Xing Y (1997) Antioxidants from cereals and legumes. In: Shahidi F (ed) Natural antioxidants, chemistry, health effects, and applications. AOCS Press, Champaign, pp 25–63

    Google Scholar 

  • White EH, Zafiriou OC, Kagi HH, Hill JH (1964) Chemiluminescence of luminol: the chemical reaction. J Am Chem Soc 86:940–941

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehead TP, Thorpe GHG, Maxwell SRJ (1992) Enhanced chemiluminescent assay for antioxidant capacity in biological fluids. Anal Chim Acta 266:265–277

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wichi HP (1988) Enhanced tumour development by butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) from the perspective of effect on forestomach and oesophageal squamous epithelium. Food Chem Toxicol 26:717–723

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wickens AP (2001) Aging and the free radical theory. Resp Physiol 128:379–391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson F, Helman WP, Ross AB (1995) Rate constants for the decay and reactions of the lowest electronically excited singlet-state of molecular oxygen in solution-an expanded and revised compilation. J Phys Chem Ref Data 24:663–1021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams RJ, Spencer JP, Rice-Evans C (2004) Flavonoids: Antioxidants or signalling molecules? Free Radical Biol Med 36:838–849

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter F, Stein J (2002) Biological activities of resveratrol and its analogs. Drugs Future 27:949–959

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood RJ, Ronnenberg AG (2006) In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ (eds) Modern nutrition in health and disease, 10th edn. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, p 248

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright JS, Johnson ER, DiLabio GA (2001) Predicting the activity of phenolic antioxidants: theoretical methods, analysis of substituent effects, and application to major families of antioxidants. J Am Chem Soc 123:1173–1183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu X, Gu L, Holden J, Haytowitz D, Gebhardt SE, Beecher G, Prior RL (2004) Factors in the development of a database of food total antioxidant capacity using lipophilic and hydrophilic oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACFL): a preliminary study of 28 foods. J Food Compos Anal 17:407–422

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanishlieva NV, Marinova EM (2001) Stabilisation of edible oils with natural antioxidants. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 103:752–767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanishlieva N, Marinova E, Bankova V, Popov S, Marekov N (1984) Does the antioxidative activity of propolis depend on the flavonoid present? J Intern d’études et assemblée generals. Plovdiv, Bulletin de Liason 12:481–486

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu BP, Yang R (1996) Critical evaluation of the free radical theory of aging. A proposal for the oxidative stress hypothesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 786:1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan YV, Bone DE, Carrington MF (2005) Antioxidant activity of dulse (Palmaria palmata) extract evaluated in vitro. Food Chem 91:485–494

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zigman S (2000) Lens UVA photobiology. J Ocul Pharmacol Th 16:161–165

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to İlhami Gulcin.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gulcin, İ. Antioxidants and antioxidant methods: an updated overview. Arch Toxicol 94, 651–715 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02689-3

Keywords

Navigation