Abstract
Structural reactive material (SRM) is consolidated from a mixture of micro- or nanometric reactive metals and metal compounds to the mixture theoretical maximum density. An SRM can thus possess a higher energy density, relying on various exothermic reactions, and higher mechanical strength and heat resistance than that of conventional CHNO explosives. Progress in SRM solid studies is reviewed specifically as an energy source for air blast through the reaction of fine SRM fragments under explosive loading. This includes a baseline SRM solid explosion characterization, material properties of an SRM solid, and its dynamic fine fragmentation mechanisms and fragment reaction mechanisms. The overview is portrayed mainly from the author’s own experimental studies combined with theoretical and numerical explanation. These advances have laid down some fundamentals for the next stage of developments.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Batsanov, S.: Solid-phase reactions in shock waves: Kinetic studies and mechanism. Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 32(1), 102–113 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01992198
Kuznetsov, N.: Detonation and gas-dynamic jumps during phase transformations in metastable compounds. Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 49, 1526–1531 (1965)
Merzhanov, A., Gordopolov, Y.A., Trofimov, V.: On the possibility of gasless detonation in condensed systems. Shock Waves 6, 157–159 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02510996
Thadhani, N.: Shock-induced and shock-assisted solid-state chemical reactions in powder mixtures. J. Appl. Phys. 76(4), 2129–2138 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.357624
Adams, D.: Reactive multilayers fabricated by vapor deposition: A critical review. Thin Solid Films 576, 98–128 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.09.042
Chiu, P.-H., Nesterenko, V.F.: Processing and mechanical properties of novel Al–W composites with ordered mesostructure. J. Compos. Mater. 50(28), 4015–4022 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998316630802
Chiu, P.-H., Lee, C.-W., Nesterenko, V.F.: Processing and dynamic testing of Al/W granular composites. Shock Compression of Condensed Matter–2011. AIP Conf. Proc. 1426, 737–740 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3686384
Chiu, P.-H., Olney, K.L., Benson, D.J., Braithwaite, C., Collins, A., Nesterenko, V.F.: Dynamic fragmentation of Al-W granular rings with different mesostructures. J. Appl. Phys. 121(4), 045901 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4973730
Chiu, P.-H., Vecchio, K.S., Nesterenko, V.F.: Dynamic compressive strength and mechanism of failure of Al–W fiber composite tubes with ordered mesostructure. Int. J. Impact Eng 100, 1–6 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.10.003
Gibbins, J., Stover, A., Krywopusk, N., Woll, K., Weihs, T.: Properties of reactive Al:Ni compacts fabricated by radial forging of elemental and alloy powders. Combust. Flame 162(12), 4408–4416 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.08.003
Marín, L., Nanayakkara, C.E., Veyan, J.-F., Warot-Fonrose, B., Joulie, S., Estève, A., Tenailleau, C., Chabal, Y.J., Rossi, C.: Enhancing the reactivity of Al/CuO nanolaminates by Cu incorporation at the interfaces. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7(22), 11713–11718 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b02653
Nesterenko, V.F., Chiu, P.-H., Braithwaite, C., Collins, A., Williamson, D.M., Olney, K.L., Benson, D., McKenzie, F.: Dynamic behavior of particulate/porous energetic materials. Shock Compression of Condensed Matter–2011. AIP Conf. Proc. 1426, 533–538 (2011)
Zhang, F., Donahue, L., Wilson, W.H.: The effect of charge structural-reactive-metal cases on air blast. In: Proceedings of 14th Detonation Symposium, Coeur d’Alene, ID, pp. 2–12 (2010)
Zhang, F., Ripley, R., Wilson, W.: Air blast characteristics of laminated Al and Ni-Al casings. Shock Compression of Condensed Matter–2011. AIP Conf. Proc. 1426, 275–278 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3686272
Zhang, F., Bacciochini, A., Jodoin, B., Radulescu, M., Ripley, R.: A hot spot concept to enhance fragmentation of structural-reactive-material casings. In: Proceedings of 15th Detonation Symposium, San Francisco, CA, pp. 1356–1366 (2014)
Zhang, F., Gauthier, M., Cojocaru, C.V.: Dynamic fragmentation and blast from a reactive material solid. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 42(9), 1072–1078 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201700065
Filler, W.: The influence of reactive cases on airblast from high explosives. In: Proceedings of 8th Detonation Symposium, Albuquerque, NM, pp. 86–194 (1985)
Beckstead, M.: Correlating aluminum burning times. Combust. Explos. Shock Waves 41(5), 533–546 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10573-005-0067-2
Frost, D.L., Zhang, F.: The nature of heterogeneous blast explosives. In: Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock, Calgary, Canada, pp. 1–51 (2006)
Frost, D.L., Goroshin, S., Levine, J., Ripley, R., Zhang, F.: Critical conditions for ignition of aluminum particles in cylindrical explosive charges. Shock Compression of Condensed Matter–2005. AIP Conf. Proc. 845, 972 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2263484
Zhang, F.: Detonation of gas–particle flow. In: Zhang, F. (ed.) Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, vol. 4, pp. 87–168. Springer, Berlin (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88447-7_2
Zhang, F., Gerrard, K., Ripley, R.C.: Reaction mechanism of aluminum–particle–air detonation. J. Propuls. Power 25(4), 845 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.41707
Clemenson, M.D., Johnson, S., Krier, H., Glumac, N.: Explosive initiation of various forms of Ti/2B reactive materials. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 39(3), 454–462 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201300114
Herbold, E., Nesterenko, V., Benson, D., Cai, J., Vecchio, K., Jiang, F., Addiss, J., Walley, S., Proud, W.: Particle size effect on strength, failure, and shock behavior in polytetrafluoroethylene–Al–W granular composite materials. J. Appl. Phys. 104(10), 103903 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3000631
Joshi, V.S.: Process for making polytetrafluoroethylene–aluminum composite and product made. US Patent 6,547,993 (2003)
Nielson, D., Truitt, R., Poore, R., Ashcroft, B.: Reactive material compositions for shot shells ammunition consisting of metal fuels, inorganic oxidants, epoxy resins, and fluoropolymer binders. US20070272112A1 (2007)
Grady, D.: The spall strength of condensed matter. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 36(3), 353–384 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(88)90015-4
Kipp, M., Grady, D.: Dynamic fracture growth and interaction in one dimension. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 33(4), 399–415 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(85)90036-5
Dutro, G., Yetter, R., Risha, G., Son, S.: The effect of stoichiometry on the combustion behavior of a nanoscale \(\text{ Al/MoO }_3\) thermite. Proc. Combust. Inst. 32(2), 1921–1928 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.07.028
Sanders, V.E., Asay, B.W., Foley, T.J., Tappan, B.C., Pacheco, A.N., Son, S.F.: Reaction propagation of four nanoscale energetic composites. J. Propuls. Power 23(4), 707–714 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.26089
Neel, C., Lacina, D., Johnson, S.: Laser interferometry and emission spectroscopy measurements of cold-sprayed copper thermite shocked to 35 GPa. ShockCompression of Condensed Matter—2015. AIP Conf. Proc. 1793, 040017 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971511
Williams, R.A., Patel, J.V., Ermoline, A., Schoenitz, M., Dreizin, E.L.: Correlation of optical emission and pressure generated upon ignition of fully-dense nanocomposite thermite powders. Combust. Flame 160(3), 734–741 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.11.021
Kim, K., Wilson, W., Quintana, J., Roybal, J., Rocco, J., Watry, C., Brown, M., Zahrah, T., Glumac, N., Clemenson, M.: Detonation initiated chemical reactions in structural energetic materials. In: Proceedings of 15th Detonation Symposium, San Francisco, CA, pp. 1347–1355 (2014)
Wilson, W.H., Zhang, F., Kim, K.: Fine fragmentation distribution from structural reactive material casings under explosive loading. Shock Compression of Condensed Matter—2015. AIP Conf. Proc. 1793, 040037 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971531
Zhang, F., Gauthier, M., Cojocaru, C.: Sub-fragmentation of structural reactive material casings under explosion. Shock Compression of Condensed Matter—2015. AIP Conf. Proc. 1793, 040038 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4971532
Grady, D.: Fragmentation of Rings and Shells: The Legacy of N.F. Mott. Springer, Berlin (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/b138675
Hastings, D.L., Dreizin, E.L.: Reactive structural materials: Preparation and characterization. Adv. Eng. Mater. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201700631
Nesterenko, V.: Dynamics of Heterogeneous Materials. Springer, New York (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3524-6
Thadhani, N.N.: Shock-induced chemical reactions and synthesis of materials. Prog. Mater Sci. 37(2), 117–226 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1016/0079-6425(93)90002-3
Elek, P., Jaramaz, S.: Modeling of fragmentation of rapidly expanding cylinders. Theor. Appl. Mech. 32(2), 113–130 (2005). https://doi.org/10.2298/TAM0502113E
Hutchinson, M.D.: The escape of blast from fragmenting munitions casings. Int. J. Impact Eng. 36(2), 185–192 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.05.002
Zhang, F., Wilson, W.H.: Reaction of fragments from cased explosive charges. In: Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Military Aspects of Blast and Shock, Oslo, Norway, pp. 1–9 (2008)
Ripley, R., Donahue, L., Zhang, F.: Fragmentation of metal particles during heterogeneous explosion. Shock Waves 25(2), 151–167 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-015-0552-9
Chase, M.W.: NIST-JANAF thermochemical tables for oxygen fluorides. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 25(2), 551–603 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.555992
Fischer, S.H., Grubelich, M.: Theoretical energy release of thermites, intermetallics, and combustible metals. Technical report SAND-98-1176C, Sandia National Labs, Albuquerque, NM, USA (1998). https://doi.org/10.2172/658208
Dreizin, E.L., Schoenitz, M.: Mechanochemically prepared reactive and energetic materials: a review. J. Mater. Sci. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-017-0912-1
Marquez, A.M., Braithwaite, C.H., Weihs, T.P., Krywopusk, N.M., Gibbins, D.J., Vecchio, K.S., Meyers, M.A.: Fragmentation and constitutive response of tailored mesostructured aluminum compacts. J. Appl. Phys. 119(14), 145903 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4945813
Prümmer, R.: Explosivverdichtung pulvriger Substanzen: Grundlagen, Verfahren, Ergebnisse, vol. 7. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82903-1
Proud, W.G., Williamson, D.M., Field, J.E., Walley, S.M.: Diagnostic techniques in deflagration and detonation studies. Chem. Cent. J. 9(1), 52 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-015-0128-x
Bacciochini, A., Maines, G., Poupart, C., Akbarnejad, H., Radulescu, M., Jodoin, B., Zhang, F., Lee, J.: Study of thermite mixture consolidated by the cold gas dynamic spray process. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 500, 220–225 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/500/5/052003
Pantoya, M.L., Granier, J.J.: Combustion behavior of highly energetic thermites: Nano versus micron composites. Propellants Explos. Pyrotech. 30(1), 53–62 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.200400085
Lees, J., Williamson, B.: Combined very high pressure/high temperature calibration of the tetrahedral anvil apparatus, fusion curves of zinc, aluminium, germanium and silicon to 60 kilobars. Nature 208(5007), 278–279 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1038/208278a0
Moriarty, J.A., Young, D.A., Ross, M.: Theoretical study of the aluminum melting curve to very high pressure. Phys. Rev. B 30(2), 578 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.30.578
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to B. Eichelbaum, K. Mudri, R. Stallmann, R. Laing, L. Gagne, R. Finlay, K. Baker, M., Radulescu, M. Gauthier, C.V. Cojocaru, R. Ripley, L. Donahue, K. Kim, W. Wilson, and technical staff from the Suffield Field Operations Section for their input into the work described above.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by P. Hazell.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, F. Some issues for blast from a structural reactive material solid. Shock Waves 28, 693–707 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-018-0815-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00193-018-0815-3