Abstract
What may be the smallest anthropogenic devices to date, spherical sensors (wireless and fiberless) with radii as small as 10 nm have been produced. This class of optochemical PEBBLE (Probe Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding) sensors covers a wide range of analytes (pH, calcium, oxygen and potassium included here) with excellent spatial, temporal and chemical resolution. Examples of such sensors for the monitoring of intracellular analytes are given. Methods, such as pico-injection, liposomal delivery and gene gun bombardment, are used to inject PEBBLE sensors into single cells. These PEBBLEs have caused minimal perturbation when delivered and operated inside single mammalian cells, such as human neuroblastoma, mouse oocytes or rat alveolar macrophage.
Similar content being viewed by others
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Received September 10, 1998. Revision December 10, 1998.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Clark, H., Hoyer, M., Parus, S. et al. Optochemical Nanosensors and Subcellular Applications in Living Cells. Mikrochim Acta 131, 121–128 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00021397
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00021397