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Dysfonction du sphincter d’Oddi: attention danger...

Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction: attention, danger...

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Acta Endoscopica

Résumé

La dysfonction oddienne représente la totalité des affections non tumorale du sphincter d’Oddi. Elle survient principalement dans les suites de cholécystectomie mais peut précéder dans un nombre non négligeable de cas, l’ablation de la vésicule. Son expression clinique est principalement biliaire mais peut aussi se traduire par des pancréatites aiguës récurrentes.

Elle correspond dans la moitié des cas à une sténose fibreuse de la papille, probablement due à un traumatisme local lors du passage de calculs biliaires, et dans l’autre moitié des cas à une dyskinésie ampullaire. Cette dyskinésie, traduite essentiellement par une élévation de la pression basale du sphincter d’Oddi, est secondaire à une interruption de l’axe inhibiteur non adrénergique, non cholinergique impliquant des neurones à VIP, CCK, NO.

Le diagnostic de dysfonction oddienne est d’abord un diagnostic d’élimination d’une autre pathologie biliaire comme la lithiase cholédocienne, une tumeur ampullaire ou à une pancréatite chronique. Son diagnostic positif est basé sur la pratique d’une manométrie oddienne, de moins en moins effectuée en raison d’une morbidité pancréatique difficilement acceptable pour un acte diagnostique. La scintigraphie biliaire pourrait à l’avenir la remplacer avantageusement.

Le traitement médical fait appel aux dérivés nitrés ou aux inhibiteurs calciques mais d’autres molécules sont à l’étude. Le peu d’efficacité en pratique de ces traitements médicaux conduit souvent à la réalisation d’une intervention sur la papille principale, plus souvent endoscopique que chirurgicale. La morbidité post-opératoire de ces traitements endoscopiques est souvent importante, principalement à cause d’une grande fréquence de pancréatite aiguë. L’indication de ces traitements doit donc être portée avec une grande rigueur, en utilisant les critères de la classification de Milwaukee. Seuls doivent être traités, par voie endoscopique ou chirurgicale, les patients qui présentent un tableau de douleur biliaire associée à une perturbation du bilan biliaire et/ou à une dilatation de la voie biliaire. Les patients qui ne présentent que des douleurs souffrent en effet de troubles de la sensibilité ou de la motricité duodénale. La sphinctérotomie endoscopique biliaire qui peut être associée selon la présentation clinique à une sphinctérotomie pancréatique permet d’obtenir près de 90 % de bons résultats quand l’indication est bien posée. Deux tiers au moins de ces bons résultats semblent se maintenir dans le temps. La sphinctéroplastie chirurgicale n’a pas fait l’objet d’études contrôlées. Son indication doit probablement se limiter au cadre des pancréatites aiguës récurrentes.

Summary

Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction (SOD) represents the totality of nontumoral afflictions of the sphincter of Oddi.

It mainly appears following cholecystectomy but may precede, in a nonnegligible number of cases, vesicle ablation. Its clinical expression is principally biliary but may also translate as recurrent acute pancreatitis.

It corresponds, in half of all cases, to fibrous stenosis of the papilla, probably due to local trauma during the passing of gallstones, and in other half to ampullary dyskinesia. This dyskinesia, translated primarily by a rise in the basal pressure of the sphincter of Oddi, is secondary to an interruption of the inhibiting nonadrenergic, noncholinergic axis implying involvement VIP, CCK, NO neurones.

The diagnosis of SOD is initially a diagnosis of elimination of another biliary pathology like choledocian lithiasis, an ampullary tumour or chronic pancreatitis. Its positive diagnosis is based on the practice of SO manometry, less and less performed because of a level of pancreatic morbidity not easily acceptable for a diagnostic procedure. Biliary scintigraphy will replace it advantageously in the future.

The medical treatment calls upon nitrate derivatives or calcic inhibitors but other molecules are being studied. The low efficacy of these medical treatments in practice often leads to the realisation of an intervention on the main papilla, more often endoscopic than surgical. The postoperative morbidity of these endoscopic treatments is often high, mainly because of a high frequency of acute pancreatitis. The indication of these treatments must thus be carried with a great rigour, by using the criteria of the Milwaukee classification. Only the patients who present with biliary pain associated with a disturbance of the biliary assessment and/or a dilation of the bile duct must be treated, in an endoscopic or surgical way. The patients who present only pain do indeed suffer from duodenal sensitivity or motricity disorders. Biliary endoscopic sphincterotomy, which can be associated according to the clinical presentation with a pancreatic sphincterotomy, makes it possible to obtain nearly 90 % of good results when the indication has been well established. At least two thirds of these good results seem to be maintained over time. Surgical sphincteroplasty has not been the subject of controlled studies. Its indication should probably be limited to the framework of recurring acute pancreatitis.

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Barthet, M. Dysfonction du sphincter d’Oddi: attention danger.... Acta Endosc 34, 285–292 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03004257

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