Skip to main content
Log in

Ecology of the grassland. II

  • Published:
The Botanical Review Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

During the past decade or so increasing attention has been given to refinements in methods and procedures in the study of grassland communities and to more complete characterizations of communities. Advances have been made toward standardization, but it is premature at the present stage of development of grassland ecology to expect rigid formulations of research procedures. It is evident in recent publications that the trend is toward selection and further refinement of methods which will measure as objectively as possible the characteristics that are most significant in a particular investigation. For a complete analysis and description, all characteristics of the community require study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Literature Cited

  1. Adamson, R. S. The plant communities of Table Mountain. II. Lifeform, dominance, succession. Jour. Ecol.19: 304–320. 1931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ahlgren, H. L. A comparison of methods used in evaluating the results of pasture research. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.39: 240–259. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Anderson, K. L. A comparison of line transects and permanent quadrats in evaluating composition and density of pasture vegetation in the tall prairie grass type. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.34: 805–821. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Anderson, W. A. Development of prairie at Iowa Lakeside Laboratory. Am. Mid. Nat.36: 431–455. 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Armstrong, S. F. The botanical and chemical composition of the herbage of pastures and meadows. Jour. Agr. Sci.2: 283–304. 1907.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Arny, A. C. Alfalfa and grass percentage determinations with the inclined point apparatus at different stages of development of the mixtures. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.36: 996–998. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  7. —, andSchmid, A. R. A study of the inclined point quadrat method of botanical analysis of pasture mixtures. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron.34: 238–247. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ashby, E. Statistical ecology. II—A reassessment. Bot. Rev.14: 222–234. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Baker, M. L.,et al. Effects of time of cutting on yield and feeding value of prairie hay. Neb. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.385: 1–14. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bates, G. H. An investigation into the cause and prevention of deterioration of leys. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.3: 176–184. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bauer, H. L. The statistical analysis of chaparral and other plant communities by means of transect samples. Ecology24: 45–60. 1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Beeson, K. C.,et al. The absorption of mineral elements by forage plants. I. The phosphorus, cobalt, manganese, and copper content of some common grasses. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.39: 356–362. 1947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bharucha, F. R., andDave, R. N. The biological spectrum of a grassland association. Jour. Univ. Bombay13: 15–17. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Blackman, G. E. A study by statistical methods of the distribution of species in grassland associations. Ann. Bot.49: 749–777. 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  15. —. Statistical and ecological studies in the distribution of species in plant communities. (i) Dispersion as a factor in the study of changes in plant populations. Ann. Bot.6: 351–370. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Blake, A. K. Viability and germination of seeds and early life history of prairie plants. Ecol. Mono.5: 405–460. 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Booth, W. E. Revegetation of abandoned fields in Kansas and Oklahoma. Amer. Jour. Bot.28: 415–422. 1941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Braun-Blanquet, J. Plant sociology. 439 pp. 1932.

  19. Brockmann-Jerosch, H. Die Flora des Puschlav und ihre Pflanzengesellschaften. Die Pflanzengesellschaften der Schweizeralpen. 1. 1907.

  20. Brown, R. L. andHafenrichter, A. L. Factors influencing the production and use of beachgrass and dunegrass clones for erosion control. I. Effect of date of planting. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.40: 512–521. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  21. ——. II. Influence of density of planting. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.40: 603–609. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Buechner, H. K. The range vegetation of Kerr County, Texas, in relation to livestock and white-tailed deer. Am. Mid. Nat.31: 697–743. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Buell, M. F., andWilbur, R. L. Life-form spectra of the hardwood forests of the Itasca Park region, Minnesota. Ecology29: 352–359. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Cain, S. A. Concerning certain phytosociological concepts. Ecol. Mono.2: 475–508. 1932.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. —. Ecological studies of the vegetation of the Great Smoky-Mountains. II. The quadrat method applied to sampling spruce and fir forest types. Am. Mid. Nat.16: 566–584. 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. —. The species-area curve. Am. Mid. Nat.19: 573–581. 1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. —. The climax and its complexities. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 146–181. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. —. Sample-plot technique applied to alpine vegetation in Wyoming. Am. Jour. Bot.30: 240–248. 1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. —. The characteristics of natural areas and factors in their development. Ecol. Mono.17: 185–200. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. —,et al. Andropogonetum Hempsteadii: a Long Island grassland vegetation type. Am. Mid. Nat.18: 324–350. 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Campbell, R. S., andCassady, J. T. Determining forage weight on southern forest ranges. Jour. Range Mgt.2: 30–32. 1949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Canfield, R. H. Application of the line interception method in sampling range vegetation. Jour. For.39: 388–394. 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  33. —. Measurement of grazing use by the line interception method. Jour. For.42: 192–194. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  34. —. Perennial grass composition as an indicator of condition of southwestern mixed grass ranges. Ecology29: 190–204. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Carpenter, J. R. Concepts and criteria for the recognition of communities. Jour. Ecol.24: 285–289. 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. —. The biome. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 75–91. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. —. Fluctuations in biotic communities. V. Aspectation in a mixed-grass prairie in Central Oklahoma. Am. Mid. Nat.22: 420–435. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. —. The grassland biome. Ecol. Mono.10: 616–684. 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  39. —. The biotic community as an object of study. Chron. Bot.6: 386–388. 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Clapham, A. R. Over-dispersion in grassland communities and the use of statistical methods in plant ecology. Jour. Ecol.24: 232–251. 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Clark, I. Variability in growth characteristics of forage plants on summer range in central Utah. Jour. For.43: 273–283. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Clements, F. E. Plant succession. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 242. 512 pp. 1916.

  43. -. Plant indicators. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 290. 388 pp. 1920.

  44. —. The relict method in dynamic ecology. Jour. Ecol.22: 39–68. 1934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. -. The origin of the desert climax and climate.In Essays in Geobotany. Univ. Calif. Press. Pp. 87–140. 1936.

  46. —. Nature and structure of the climax. Jour. Ecol.24: 252–284. 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. —. Cycles and climaxes. Chron. Bot.7: 241–243. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  48. -, andShelford, V. E. Bioecology. 425 pp. 1939.

  49. -,et al. Plant competition. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 398. 340 pp. 1929.

  50. Cockayne, L. Notes on ecological field work in New Zealand.In Tansley and Chipp, Aims and methods in the study of vegetation. Pp. 274–282. 1926.

  51. Cole, LaMont C. A theory for analyzing contagiously distributed populations. Ecology27: 329–341. 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Collins, R. W., andHurtt, L. C. A method for measuring utilization of bluestem wheat-grass on experimental range pastures. Ecology24: 123–125. 1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Conard, H. S. The plant associations of Central Long Island. Am Mid. Nat.16: 433–516. 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. —. Plant associations on land. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 1–27. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Cook, C. W.,et al. Measuring the nutritive content of a foraging sheep’s diet under range conditions. Tour. An. Sci.7: 170–180. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Cornelius, D. R., andAtkins, M. D. Grass establishment and development studies in Morton County, Kansas. Ecology27: 342–352. 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Cory, V. L. Methods of determining forage preferences of stock. Ecology11: 760–763. 1930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Costello, D. F. Natural revegetation of abandoned plowed land in the mixed prairie association of northeastern Colorado. Ecology25: 312–326. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. —, andKlipple, G. F. Sampling intensity in vegetation surveys made by the square-foot density method. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.31: 800–810. 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  60. —, andPrice, R. Weather and plant-development data as determinants of grazing periods on mountain range. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul. 686: 1–30. 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Craddock, G. W., andForsling, C. I. The influence of climate and grazing on spring-fall sheep range in Southern Idaho. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul. 600: 1–42. 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Crafts, E. C. Height-volume distribution in range grasses. Jour. For.36: 1182–1185. 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Crampton, E. W., andJackson, I. R. C. Seasonal variation in chemical composition of pasture herbage and the relation to its digestibility by steers and sheep. Jour. An. Sci.4: 333–339. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Crocker, R. L., andTiver, N. S. Survey methods in grassland ecology. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.3: 1–26. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Culley, M. A densimeter, an instrument for measuring the density of ground cover. Ecology19: 588–590. 1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Currie, J. R. The economics of ley farming. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc. 3: 27–34. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Curtis, J. T., andGreene, H. C. A study of relic Wisconsin prairies by the species-presence method. Ecology30: 83–92. 1949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Darland, R. W., andWeaver, J. E. Yields and consumption of forage in three pasture types: an ecological analysis. Univ. Nebr., Cons. & Surv. Div., Bul. 27. 1945.

  69. Daubenmire, R. F. Exclosure technique in ecology. Ecology21: 514–515. 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. —, andColwell, W. E. Some edaphic changes due to overgrazing in theAgropyron-Poa prairie of southeastern Washington. Ecology23: 32–40. 1942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Davies, W. Methods of pasture analysis and fodder sampling. Welsh Pl. Breed. Sta., Rep. 1. 1931.

  72. —. The history of pasture analysis. Methods of pasture analysis. Agr. Prog.10: 3–9. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Dice, L. R. Measures of the amount of ecologie association between species. Ecology26: 297–302. 1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. —. Relationship between frequency index and population density. Ecology29: 389–391. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Drew, W. B. Studies on the use of the point quadrat method of botanical analysis of mixed pasture vegetation. Jour. Agr. Res.69: 289–297. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  76. —. Floristic composition of grazed and ungrazed prairie vegetation in Northcentral Missouri. Ecology28: 26–41. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Du Rietz, G. E. Vegetationsforschung auf soziationsanalytischer Grundlage. Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm. Abt. 11, Teil5: 293–480. 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Dyksterhuis, E. J. The vegetation of the Fort Worth Prairie. Ecol. Mono.16: 1–29. 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. —. The vegetation of the Western Cross Timbers. Ecol. Mono.18: 326–376. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Eggleton, F. E. Fresh-water communities. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 56–74. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Egler, F. E. Berkshire plateau vegetation, Massachusetts. Ecol. Mono.10: 145–192. 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Ellison, L. A comparison of methods of quadratting short-grass vegetation. Jour. Agr. Res.64: 595–614. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Erdmann, M. H., andHarrison, C. M. The influence of domestic ryegrass and redtop upon the growth of Kentucky bluegrass and Chewing’s fescue in lawn and turf mixtures. Tour. Am. Soc. Agron.39: 682–689. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Erickson, L. C. The effect of alfalfa seed size and depth of seeding upon the subsequent procurement of stand. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.38: 964–973. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Evans, E. T. R., andEvans, W. C. Studies on the biochemistry of pasture plants. II. The pharmacological properties of certain pasture plant juices and their possible significance in the aetiology of some disorders of the grazing animal. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.3: 249–261. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Fautin, R. W. Biotic communities of the northern desert shrub biome in western Utah. Ecol. Mono.16: 251–310. 1946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. —. Some biotic communities of the desert in western Utah. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. Jour.3: 52–53. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Fenton, E. W. The botanical survey of grasslands in the South and East of Scotland. Jour. Ecol.19: 392–409. 1931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. —. The point quadrat method. Agr. Prog.10: 238–242. 1933.

    Google Scholar 

  90. -. An apparatus for the point method of pasture analysis. Rep. 3rd Grassl. Conf. North & Cent. Eu. Countries, Zürich-Oelikon: 215–221. 1934.

  91. Flory, E. L., andTrussell, D. F. Observation of plant competition, plant succession, plant-soil relationships, overgrazing and erosion on sagebrush areas. Soil Cons. Serv. Reg. (8) Bul. 24: Ser. 3. Mimeo. 1938.

  92. Foures, E. W.,et al. Experiments with annual crops and permanent pastures to provide grazing for dairy cows in the sandhill region of the Southeast. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul. 805: 1–41. 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Fracker, S. B., andBrischle, H. A. Measuring the local distribution of Ribes. Ecology25: 283–303. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. —,et al. Improving pastures and grasslands for the northeastern States at the United States Regional Pasture Research Laboratory. U. S. Dept. Agr., Misc. Publ. 590: 1–29. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Fraps, G. S., andFudge, J. F. Chemical composition of sixty-four species of range pasture grasses grown on a Victoria clay loam soil. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.37: 251–258. 1945.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Frisch-Knecht, N. G., andPlummer, A. P. A simplified technique for determining herbage production on range and pasture land. Agron. Jour.41: 63–65. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Fudge, J. F., andFraps, G. S. The chemical composition of forage grasses from the Gulf coast prairie as related to soils and to requirements for range cattle. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.644: 1–39. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Gareer, R. J.,et al. Pastures and pasture problems in northeastern States. Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 485: 1–44. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Gardner, J. L., andHubbell, D. S. Some vegetational responses after eight years of protection for grazing. Ecology24: 409–410. 1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Garrigus, W. P., andRush, H. P. Some effects of the species and stage of maturity of plants on the forage consumption of grazing steers of various weights. Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 454. 1939.

  101. Gist, G. R., andSmith, R. M. Root development of several common forage grasses to a depth of eighteen inches. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.40: 1036–1042. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Gleason, H. A. The structure and development of the plant association. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club44: 463–481. 1917.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. —. Some applications of the quadrat method. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club.47: 21–34 1920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. —. The significance of Raunkiaer’s Law of Frequency. Ecology10: 406–408. 1929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. —. The individualistic concept of the plant association. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 92–110. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Good, R. The geography of the flowering plants. 403 pp. 1947.

  107. Graham, E. H. Natural principles of land use. 274 pp. 1944.

  108. Hafenrichter, A. L. Getting new range plants into practise. Tour. Range Res.1: 9–18. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Hanson, H. C. A study of the vegetation of northeastern Arizona. Univ. Nebr. Stud.24: 85–175. 1924.

    Google Scholar 

  110. —. Analysis of seeding mixtures and resulting stands in irrigated pastures of northern Colorado. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.21: 650–659. 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  111. —. Improvement of sagebrush range in Colorado. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.356: 1–12. 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  112. —. Intensity of grazing in relation to proximity to isolation transects. Ecology10: 343–346. 1929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  113. —. Factors influencing the establishment of irrigated pastures in northern Colorado. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.378: 1–53. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  114. —. A comparison of methods of botanical analysis of the native prairie in western North Dakota. Jour. Agr. Res.49: 815–842. 1934.

    Google Scholar 

  115. —. Ecology of the grassland. Bot. Rev.4: 51–82. 1938.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. —. The agroclimatic-analogue (homoclime) technique in plant introduction and distribution of new selections. Agron. Jour.41: 186–188. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  117. —, andBall, W. S. An application of Raunkiaer’s Law of Frequency to grazing studies. Ecology9: 467–473. 1928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. —, andLove, L. D. Size of list quadrat for use in determining the effects of different systems of grazing uponAgropyron smithii mixed prairie. Jour. Agr. Res.41: 549–550. 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  119. —, andLove, L. D. Comparison of methods of quadratting. Ecology11: 734–748. 1930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. —,et al. Effects of different systems of grazing by cattle upon a western wheat-grass type of range. Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.377: 1–82. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  121. —, andWhitman, W. Plant succession on solonetz soils in western North Dakota. Ecology18: 516–522. 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. —, andWhitman, W. Characteristics of major grassland types in western North Dakota. Ecol. Mono.8: 57–114. 1938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Hanson, W. R., andStoddart, L. A. Effects of grazing upon bunch wheat grass. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.32: 278–289. 1940.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Hathaway, I. L.,et al. Carotene content of native Nebraska grasses. Nebr. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.140: 1–15. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Haynes, J. L. Effects of pasture practises on root distribution. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.35: 10–18. 1943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hayward, C. L. Biotic communities of the Wasatch chaparral, Utah. Ecol. Mono.18: 473–506. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Holscher, C. E. The effects of clipping bluestem wheatgrass and blue grama at different heights and frequencies. Ecology26: 148–156. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Holt, E. C., andDavies, R. L. Differential response of Arlington and Norbeck bent grasses to kinds and rates of fertilizer. Tour. Am. Soc. Agron.40: 282–284. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Hormav, A. L. Getting better records of vegetation changes with the line interception method. Jour. Range Mgt.2: 67–69. 1949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Howe, G. M. Agro-climatic analogues. Nature 4103: 983. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  131. Huffman, C. F.,et al. Soils, crops, minerals, animals. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1948: 81–86. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Hull, A. C. Jr., andStewart, G. Replacing cheatgrass by reseeding with perennial grass on southern Idaho ranges. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron.40: 694–703. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Iverson, J. Biologische Pflanzentypen als Hilfsmittel in der Vegetationsforschung. 224 pp. 1936.

  134. Jenkin, T. J. Pasture studies; some results. Univ. Col. North Wales, Bangor. 58 pp. 1919.

  135. Johnson, L. An instrument for list charting. Ecology8: 282–283. 1927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  136. Johnstone-Wallace, D. B., andKennedy, K. Grazing management practises and their relationship to the behaviour and grazing habits of cattle. Jour. Agr. Sci.34: 190–197. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Joint Committee. Preliminary report on pasture investigations technique. Jour. Dairy Sci.26: 353–369. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Katz, N. J. Zur Kenntnis der Niedermoore im Norden des Moskauer Gouvernements. Rep. Spec. Nov. Reg. Veg. Beitr. z. Systematik u. Pflanzengeog. VI. 1929.

  139. Keller, W. Designs and technic for the adaptation of controlled competition to forage plant breeding. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.38: 580–588. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  140. —,et al. New grass-legume pasture mixtures are high producers. Farm & Home Sci.8: 516–518. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Kenoyer, L. A. A study of Raunkiaer’s Law of Frequence. Ecology8: 341–347. 1927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Kernohan, J. T. Grassland output on a County Down farm. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.2: 73–81. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Kidder, R. W. A proposed method of measuring pasture yields with grazing cattle. Jour. An. Sci.5: 187–193. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Kincaid, C. M.,et al. Some factors that influence the production of steers from pasture. Jour. An. Sci.4: 164–173. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Klages, K. H. W. Ecological crop geography. 615 pp. 1942.

  146. Knott, J. C.,et al. Methods of measuring pasture yields with dairy cattle. Wash. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 295. 1934.

  147. Kreizinger, E. J.,et al. Reaction of mountain brome and Canada wildrye strains to head smut (Ustilago bullata). Jour. Agr. Res.75: 105–111. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Küchler, A. W. A geographic system of vegetation. Geog. Rev.37: 233–240. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  149. —. A new vegetation map of Manchuria. Ecology29: 513–516. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Lang, R., andBarnes, O. K. Range forage production in relation to time and frequency of harvesting. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 253. 1942.

  151. Larson, F., andWhitman, W. A comparison of used and unused grassland mesas in the Badlands of South Dakota. Ecology23: 438–445. 1942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  152. Lawrence, W. E. Some ecotypic relations ofDeschampsia caespitosa. Am. Jour. Bot.32: 298–314. 1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Levy, E. B. The grasslands of New Zealand. N. Z. Tour. Agr.34: 147–148. 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Linehan, P. A., andLowe, J. The output of pasture and its measurement. I. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.1: 1–29. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  155. —,et al. The output of pasture and its measurement. II. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.2: 145–168. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Lippmaa, T. The unistratal concept of plant communities. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 110–145. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Lister, P. B., andSchumacher, F. X. The influence of rainfall upon tuft area and height growth of three semidesert range grasses in southern Arizona. Jour. Agr. Res.54: 109–121. 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Lommasson, T., andJensen, C. Grass volume tables for determining range utilization. Science87: 444. 1938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. ——. Determining utilization of range grasses from height-weight tables. Jour. For.41: 589–593. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Love, L. D., andHanson, H. C. Life history and habits of crested wheat grass. Jour. Agr. Res.45: 371–383. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Lueck, A. G.,et al. The effects of a companion crop and depth of planting on the establishment of smooth brome grass,Bromus inermis Leyss. Agron. Jour.41: 137–140. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  162. McCarty, E. C. The relation of growth to the varying carbohydrate content in mountain brome. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul.598: 1–24. 1938.

    Google Scholar 

  163. -, andPrice, R. Growth and carbohydrate content of important mountain forage plants in central Utah as affected by clipping and grazing. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul. 818. 1942.

  164. McGinnies, W. G. The quadrat. Jour. For.28: 23–27. 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  165. —. The relation between frequency index and abundance as applied to plant populations in a semi-arid region. Ecology15: 263–282. 1934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. McHenry, J. R., andNewell, L. C. Influence of some perennial grasses on the organic matter content and structure of an eastern Nebraska fine-textured soil. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.39: 981–994. 1947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. ——. Residual effect of some perennial grasses on the structure of an eastern Nebraska fine-textured soil. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.41: 76–78. 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  168. McMillen, W. N.,et al. Chemical composition, grazing value and vegetative changes of herbage in a typical plains pasture. Jour. An. Sci.3: 237–243. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Malmsten, H. E. Combination of list and chart quadrat methods for grazing studies. Ecology11: 749–751. 1930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  170. Maximov, N. A. Physiologisch-ökologische Untersuchungen über die Dürrerisistenz der Xerophyten. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot.62. 1923.

  171. -. The plant in relation to water. 451 pp. 1929.

  172. Moore, R. M.,et al. Grazing management: continuous and rotational grazing by Merino sheep. Austral. Counc. Sci. & Ind. Res., Bul.201: 1–104. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Morgan, A., andBeruldsen, E. T. Sampling technique as applied to irrigated pasture in regard to botanical composition and carrying capacity under different grazing systems. Jour. Agr., Victoria, Austral.29: 36–45. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Moss, E. H., andCampbell, J. A. Fescue grassland of Alberta. Canad. Jour. Res., C.,25: 209–227. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Moxon, A. L.,et al. Growth of steers on seleniferous range. Jour. An. Sci.3: 299–309. 1944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Muir, W. R. Pasture herbage as a causal factor in animal disease: a review. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.3: 229–247. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Muller, C. H. Vegetation and climate of Coahuila, Mexico. Madroño9: 33–57. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Murphy, R. P., andArny, A. C. The emergence of grass and legume seedlings planted at different depths in five soil types. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.31: 17–28. 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Murray, S. M., andGlover, P. Some practical points regarding the detailed botanical analysis of grass-veld or other pastures by the list quadrat method. Jour. Ecol.23: 536–539. 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  180. Musser, H. B. Effects of soil acidity and available phosphorus on population changes in mixed Kentucky bluegrass-bent turf. Tour. Am. Soc. Agron.40: 614–620. 1948.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Nelson, E. W. The influence of precipitation and grazing upon black grama grass range. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul. 409. 1934.

  182. Nevens, W. B. A comparison of sampling procedures in making pasture yield determinations. Jour. Dairy Sci.28: 171–185. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Nichols, G. E. Methods in the floristic study of vegetation. Ecology11: 127–135. 1930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  184. Norhagen, R. Die Vegetation und Flora des Sylenegebietes. 1927.

  185. Nowosad, F. S., andStevenson, T. M. The relative value of certain grass-legume mixtures for hay and pasture in short-term rotations. Sci. Agr.27: 86–96. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Nuttonson, M. Y. Agroclimatology and crop ecology of the Ukraine and climatic analogues in North America. Geog. Rev.37: 216–232. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  187. Olmsted, C. E. Growth and development in range grasses. V. Photoperiodic responses of clonal divisions of three latitudinal strains of side-oats grama. Bot. Gaz.106: 382–401. 1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  188. Orr, J. B. Minerals in pasture and their relation to animal nutrition. 150 pp. 1929.

  189. Ostvald, H. Die Vegetation des Hochmoores Komosse. 436 pp. 1923.

  190. Parker, K. W., andSavage, D. A. Reliability of the line interception method in measuring vegetation on the southern Great Plains. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.36: 97–110. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Patton, A. R., andGieseker, L. Seasonal changes in the lignin and cellulose content of some Montana grasses. Jour. An. Sci.1: 22–26. 1942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Pavlychenko, T. K. Quantitative study of the entire root system of weed and crop plants under field conditions. Ecology18: 62–79. 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. —. The soil-block washing method in quantitative root study. Canad. Jour. Res., C.,15: 33–57. 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Pearse, K. An area-list method of measuring range plant populations. Ecology16: 573–579. 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  195. Pechanec, J. F. Comments on the stem-count method of determining the percentage utilization of ranges. Ecology17: 329–331. 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  196. — Sampling errors in range surveys of sagebrush-grass vegetation. Jour. For.39: 52–54. 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  197. —, andPickford, G. D. A weight-estimate method for the determination of range or pasture production. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.29: 894–904. 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Penfound, W. T. A study of phytosociological relationships by means of aggregations of colored cards. Ecology26: 38–57. 1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  199. —. A phytosociological analysis of a goldenrod community near Kenner, Louisiana. Ecology29: 124–125. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  200. —, andHoward, J. A. A phytosociological analysis of an evergreen oak forest in the vicinity of New Orleans, Louisiana. Am. Mid. Nat.23: 165–174. 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  201. Peterson, M. L., andLoomis, W. E. Effects of photoperiod and temperature on growth and flowering of Kentucky bluegrass. Pl. Phys.24: 31–43. 1949.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Pidgeon, I. M., andAshby, E. A new quantitative method of analysis of plant communities. Austral. Jour. Sci.5: 19–21. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Pinck, L. A., andAllison, F. E. The effect of nitrogen application upon the weight and nitrogen content of the roots of Sudan grass. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.39: 634–637. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Plummer, A. P. The germination and early seedling development of 12 range grasses. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.35: 19–33. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Pollitt, R. The effect of age on the yielding capacity of leys cropped for grass drying. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.2: 119–126. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Pòlya, G. Sur quelques points de la théorie des probabilités. Ann. Inst. Henri Poincaré1: 117–162. 1931.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Pound, R., andClements, F. E. Phytogeography of Nebraska. 442 pp. 1898

  208. Prát, S. [M-concentration as a general biological problem]. Sbor, Ceské Akad. Zem.18: 1–7. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Preston, F. W. The commonness and rarity of species. Ecology29: 254–283. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Ramaley, F. Xerophytic grasslands at different altitudes in Colorado. Bul. Torrey Bot. Club46: 37–52. 1919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  211. —. Vegetation of the San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. Univ. Colo. Stud., D,1: 231–277. 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Ramenskij, L. G. Zur Methodik der vergleichenden Bearbeitung und Ordnung von Pflanzenlisten. Beitr. Biol. Pflanz. 18. 1930.

  213. Raunkiaer, C. Formationsundersögelse og Formationstatistik. Bot. Tidskr.30: 20–80. 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  214. -. Recherches statistiques sur les formations végétales. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selskab. Biol. Meddel. i. 3. 1918.

  215. -. The life-forms of plants and statistical plant geography, being collected papers of C. Raunkiaer. 632 pp. 1934.

  216. Raymond, W. F. Evaluation of herbage for grazing. Nature161: 937–938. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  217. Reid, E. H., andPickford, G. D. A comparison of the ocularestimate-by-plot and the stubble-height methods of determining percentage utilization of range grasses. Jour. For.39: 935–941. 1941.

    Google Scholar 

  218. ——. An appraisal of range survey methods. Jour. For.42: 471–479. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  219. ——. Judging mountain meadow-range condition in eastern Oregon and eastern Washington. U. S. Dept. Agr., Circ.748: 1–31. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Rhoad, A. O., andCarr, R. B. Measuring production capacity of pastures through maintenance studies with mature steers. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul.890: 1–20. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Robertson, J. H. A quantitative study of true-prairie vegetation after three years of extreme drought. Ecol. Mono.9: 431–492. 1939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. —. Responses of range grasses to different intensities of competition with sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). Ecology28: 1–16. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. —, andPearse, C. K. Artificial reseeding and the closed community. Northwest Sci.19: 58–66. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Roe, R. Preliminary survey of the natural pastures of the New England District of New South Wales and a general discussion of their problems. Austral. Council Sci. & Ind. Res., Bul.210: 1–26. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Rogler, G. A. Cultivated grasses for pastures. U. S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1948: 491–495. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Romell, L. G. Comments on Raunkiaer’s and similar methods of vegetation analysis and the law of frequency. Ecology11: 589–596. 1930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  227. Rubel, E. Geobotanische Untersuchungsmethoden. 290 pp. 1922.

  228. —. The present state of geobotanical research in Switzerland. In Proc. Int. Cong. Pl. Sci., Ithaca, Vol.1: 603–621. 1929.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Salisbury, E. J. The standardization of descriptions of plant communities. Jour. Ecol.19: 177–189. 1931.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Sampson, A. W. Range and pasture management. 421 pp. 1923.

  231. -, andMalmsten, H. E. Grazing periods and forage production on the national forests. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bul. 1405. 1926.

  232. Sarvis, J. T. Composition and density of the native vegetation in the vicinity of the Northern Great Plains Field Station. Tour. Agr. Res.19: 63–72. 1920.

    Google Scholar 

  233. -. Grazing investigations on the northern Great Plains. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 308. 1941.

  234. Savage, D. A. The line-transect method, an improved method of studying native range vegetation. U. S. Dept. Agr., Mimeo. 1940.

  235. —, andHeller, V. G. Nutritional qualities of range forage plants in relation to grazing with beef cattle on the southern plains experimental range. U. S. Dept. Agr., Tech. Bul.943: 1–61. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Shantz, H. L. A study of the vegetation of the mesa region east of Pike’s Peak: theBouteloua formation. Bot. Gaz.42: 16–47. 1906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  237. —, andPiemeisel, R. L. Fungus fairy rings in eastern Colorado and their effect on vegetation. Jour. Agr. Res.11: 191–246. 1917.

    Google Scholar 

  238. Shoemaker, D. A. A proposed revision of standards for determining density of herbaceous plant cover. Jour. For.30: 1012–1013. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  239. Short, L. R. Reseeding to increase the yield of Montana range lands. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farm. Bul. 1924: 1–26. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  240. Shreve, F. The edge of the desert. Asso. Pac. Coast Geog., Yearbook6: 6–11. 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  241. Smith, A. D. A study of the reliability of range vegetation estimates. Ecology25: 441–448. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. Sprague, H. B. Root development of perennial grasses and its relation to soil conditions. Soil Sci.36: 189–209. 1933.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. —, andMyers, W. M. A comparative study of methods for determining yields of Kentucky blue grass and white clover when grown in association. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.37: 370–377. 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Stapledon, R. G. Pasture problems: drought resistance. Jour. Agr. Sci.5: 129–151. 1912.

    Google Scholar 

  245. —. The precise value and application of the Aberystwyth and other strains of herbage plants. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.2: 113–118. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  246. -, andDavies, W. The grassland map of England and Wales. Jour. Min. Agr.48: 1941.

  247. —, andJones, M. G. The sheep as a grazing animal and as an instrument for estimating the productivity of pastures. Welsh PL Breed. Sta., H, No.5: 42–54. 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  248. —, andWheeler, D. E. An experiment to test the influence of date and depth of sowing on four of the chief grasses and on white clover. Jour. Brit. Grassl. Soc.3: 263–272. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Stebler, F. G., andSchröter, C. Versuch einer Übersicht über die Wiesentypen der Schweitz. Landwirt. Jahrb. Schweitz. 6. 1892.

  250. Steiger, T. L. Structure of prairie vegetation. Ecology11: 170–217. 1930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  251. Stewart, G.,et al. Influence of unrestricted grazing on northern salt desert plant associations in western Utah. Jour. Agr. Res.69: 289–316. 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  252. —, andHull, A. C. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) -an ecologic intruder in southern Idaho. Ecology30: 58–74. 1949.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  253. —, andHutchings, S. S. The point-observation-plot (square-foot density) method of vegetation survey. Tour. Am. Soc. Agron.28: 714–722. 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  254. Stoddart, L. A. The palouse grassland association in northern Utah. Ecology22: 158–163. 1941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  255. -. Range land of America and some research on its management. Fourth Ann. Fac. Res. Lect., Utah State Agr. Col. 32 pp. 1945.

  256. —. Some physical and chemical responses ofAgropyron spicatum to herbage removal at various seasons. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.324: 1–24. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  257. —. Seeding arid ranges to grass with special reference to precipitation. Utah Agr. Exp. Sta., Circ.122: 1–29. 1946.

    Google Scholar 

  258. -, andSmith, A. D. Range management. 547 pp. 1943.

  259. Stoeckeler, J. H., andKluender, W. A. The hydraulic method of excavating root systems of plants. Ecology19: 355–369. 1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  260. Sullivan, J. T., andGarber, R. J. Chemical composition of pasture plants, with some reference to the dietary needs of grazing animals. Pa. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.489: 1–61. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  261. Talbot, M. W. Indicators of southwestern range conditions. U. S. Dept. Agr., Farm. Bul. 1782. 1937.

  262. Tansley, A. G., andChipp, T. F. Aims and methods in the study of vegetation. 383 pp. 1926.

  263. Tharp, B. C., andMuller, C. H. A rapid method for excavating root systems of native plants. Ecology21: 347–350. 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  264. —. The mesa region of Texas: an ecological study. Texas Acad. Sci., Proc. & Trans.27: 81–91. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Thomson, J. W. Relic prairie areas in central Wisconsin. Ecol. Mono.10: 685–717. 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  266. Tinney, F. W.,et al. Preliminary report of a study of methods used in botanical analyses of pasture swards. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.29: 835–840. 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  267. Tisdale, E. W. The grasslands of the northern interior of British Columbia. Ecology28: 346–382. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  268. Transeau, E. N. The prairie peninsula. Ecology16: 423–437. 1935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  269. Van Dersal, W. R. The ecology of a lawn. Ecology17: 515–527. 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  270. Van Horn, A. G., andDawson, J. R. Improvement of pastures for dairy cattle in Middle Tennessee. U. S. Dept. Agr., Circ.786: 1–21. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  271. Vestal, A. G. Unequal scales for rating species in communities. Am. Jour. Bot.30: 305–310. 1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  272. —, andHeermans, M. F. Size requirements for reference areas in mixed forest. Ecology26: 122–134. 1945.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  273. Watkins, W. E. Nonprotein and carotene as an index of plant activity in range forage. Jour. Agr. Res.75: 63–69. 1947.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Watson, J. A. S. Science and the farmer. Jour. Min. Agr.,54: 1–9. 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  275. Watt, A. S. Pattern and process in the plant community. Jour. Ecol.35: 1–22. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  276. Weaver, J. E. A study of the root systems of prairie plants of southeastern Washington. Pl. World18: 227–248, 273–292. 1915.

    Google Scholar 

  277. -. A study of the vegetation of southeastern Washington and adjacent Idaho. Univ. Nebr. Stud.17: 1917.

  278. -. The ecological relations of roots. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 286. 128 pp. 1919.

  279. -. Root development in the grassland formation. Carnegie Inst. Wash., Publ. 292. 151 pp. 1920.

  280. —. Investigations on the root habits of plants. Am. Tour. Bot.12: 502–509. 1925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  281. -. Root development of field crops. 290 pp. 1926.

  282. —, andAlbertson, F. W. Resurvey of grasses, forbs, and underground plant parts at the end of the great drought. Ecol. Mono.13: 63–117. 1943.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  283. ——. Nature and degree of recovery of grassland from the great drought of 1933 to 1944. Ecol. Mono.14: 393–479. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  284. —, andBruner, W. E. Prairies and pastures of the dissected loess plains of central Nebraska. Ecol. Mono.18: 507–549. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  285. -, andClements, F. E. Plant ecology. 2nd Ed. 601 pp. 1938.

  286. —, andDarland, R. W. Grassland patterns in 1940. Ecology25: 202–215. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  287. ——. A method of measuring vigor in range grasses. Ecology28: 146–162. 1947.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  288. ——. Changes in vegetation and production of forage resulting from grazing lowland prairie. Ecology29: 1–29. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  289. —, andFitzpatrick, T. J. The prairie. Ecol. Mono.4: 109–295. 1934.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  290. —, andHougen, V. H. Effect of frequent clipping on plant production in prairie and pasture. Am. Mid. Nat.21: 396–414. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  291. —,et al. Changes in true-prairie vegetation during a drought determined by list quadrats. Ecology21: 357–362. 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  292. Webster, C. B. Meritorious crop in war or peace, Rescue grass. So. Seedsman7: 11, 51. 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Welch, J. S. The management of irrigated pastures. Idaho Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 95. 1917.

  294. West, C.,et al. Methods and significant relations in the quantitative analysis of plant growth. New Phyt.19: 200–207. 1920.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. West, O. An investigation of the methods of botanical analysis of pasture. So. Afr. Jour. Sci.33: 501–559. 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  296. Westhoff, V. The vegetation of dunes and salt marshes on the Dutch islands of Terschelling, Vlieland, and Teal. 131 pp. 1947.

  297. Whitman, W.,et al. Pasture grasses and pasture mixtures for eastern North Dakota. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.327: 1–24. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  298. —, andHanson, H. C. Vegetation on scoria and clay buttes in western North Dakota. Ecology20: 455–457. 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  299. —,et al. Relation of drouth and grazing to North Dakota range lands. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul.320: 1–29. 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  300. -,et al. Natural revegetation of abandoned fields in western North Dakota. N. D. Agr. Exp. Sta., Bul. 321. 1943.

  301. Williams, C. B. Some applications of the logarithmic series and index of diversity to ecological problems. Jour. Ecol.32: 1–44. 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  302. Wilsie, C. P., andSkory, J. Self-fertility of erect and pasture-type alfalfa clones as related to the vigor and fertility of their inbred and outcrossed progenies. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron.40: 786–794. 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  303. Woodward, T. E. The quantities of grass that dairy cattle will graze. Jour. Dairy Sci.19: 347–357. 1936.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  304. Wright, J. C., andWright, E. A. Grassland types of south central Montana. Ecology29: 449–460. 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Supplement to article in The Botanical Review4: 51–82. 1938.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hanson, H.C. Ecology of the grassland. II. Bot. Rev 16, 283–360 (1950). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02869990

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02869990

Keywords

Navigation