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Injuries to the duodenum and pancreas

Verletzungen des Duodenums und Pankreas

  • Main Topics: Surgery On Injuries Of Visceral Organs — Part II
  • Published:
Acta Chirurgica Austriaca Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Background: Blunt or penetrating-perforating severe abdominal trauma involves the duodenum in of 3.7 to 5% of cases and the pancreas in 3 to 12%. In our geographical area, the great majority of injuries to the duodenum and pancreas result from traffic accidents. More than 90% of accident victims have severe concomitant injuries to the liver, spleen and large vessels. The clinical symptoms of pancreatic-duodenal injuries are often inversely proportional to the severity of those injuries and are usually obscured by the other injuries.

Methods: When the patient is in shock, operative exploration is the diagnostic method of choice. When cardiocirculatory parameters are stable, (contrast) CT has proven to have a sensitivity and specificity of over 80%. ERCP is useful for preoperative imaging of the pancreatic duct with late manifestations or when an injury has been overlooked. The significance of hyperamylasemia is often overestimated as 40% of all pancreas injuries show normal serum levels.

Results: The classification published by the American Association for Surgery of Trauma has proved to be useful for classifying and evaluating injury patterns and severity of injury for both organs.

Conclusions: When the descending part of the duodenum (D2) or pancreatic duct is involved, treatment will be problematic and the outcome questionable. The complication rate for duodenal injuries after adequate treatment is 1.3–18.4%, and for pancreatic injuries, 20–35%. The respective mortality rates are 6.5 to 12% and 10 to 20%.

Zusammenfassung

Grundlagen: Stumpfe bzw. penetrierend-perforierende Duodenalverletzungen weisen eine Inzidenz von 3,7 bis 5% auf, während 3 bis 12% aller schweren Abdominaltraumen begleitende Pankreasverletzungen unterschiedlichen Schweregrades aufweisen. Stumpfe Bauchtraumen als Folge von Verkehrsunfällen sind in unseren Breitengraden in der überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Fälle Ursache der Duodenal-Pankreasverletzungen. Über 90% der Verunfallten weisen schwere Begleitverletzungen der Leber, Milz und der großen Gefäße auf. Die klinische Symptomatik der Duodenal-Pankreasverletzungen steht dem Schweregrad oftmals diametral gegenüber und wird meist von den Begleitverletzungen überlagert.

Methodik: In Fällen von Kreislaufinstabilität stellt die operative Exploration die Diagnostik der Wahl dar. Unter stabilen Verhältnissen hat sich das (Kontrast)-CT mit einer Sensitivität und Spezifität von über 80% bewährt. Der Stellenwert der ERCP ist in der präoperativen Darstellung des Pankreasganges bei verzögerter Manifestation oder übersehener Verletzung sinnvoll. Die Bedeutung der Hyperamylasämie wird vielfach überschätzt, 40% der Pankreasverletzten weisen normale initiale Serumspiegel auf.

Ergebnisse: Zur Klassifikation und Beurteilung des Verletzungsmusters und des Schweregrades der Verletzung hat sich die Einteilung der American Association for Surgery of Trauma für beide Organe bewährt.

Schlußfolgerungen: Limitierend für die Versorgung und das Outcome sind am Duodenum die Pars descendens duodeni (D2) und am Pankreas die Gangbeteiligung. Die Komplikationsrate der Duodenalverletzungen beträgt nach adäquater Versorgung 1,3 bis 18,4%, jene der Pankreasverletzungen 20 bis 35%. Die Mortalitätsrate 6,5 bis 12,5%, respektive 10 bis 20%.

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Correspondence to H. Rabl M.D..

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Rabl, H. Injuries to the duodenum and pancreas. Acta Chir Austriaca 31, 85–90 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02619795

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