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Grenzen und Möglichkeiten neurophysiologischer Methoden in der Erforschung und Diagnostik der Migräne

Elektroenzephalographische Methoden

Limitations of and new options with neurophysiological methods in migraine research and diagnosis

Electroencephalographicmethods

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Abstract

In parallel with the development of the various electrophysiological methods now available, the clinical syndrome of migraine has been repeatedly analyzed with the aid of these tools, in attempts to track its course with reference to electrophysiological parameters. A survey of the international literature reveals the following EEG findings. (1) In patients with different forms of headache without structural lesions the distribution of normal and abnormal EEG recordings during headachefree intervals resembles that seen among healthy subjects. (2) In common migraine, nonfocal and nonspecific abnormalities are reflected in up to 65% of all EEG recordings during the migraine-free interval. (3) Focal EEG abnormalities during a migraine attack are relatively rare, generally occurring only during migraines with transient focal neurological disturbances. (4) It is very rare for there to be permanent focal changes that are apparent during both pain-free intervals and migraine attacks. In the presence of such changes very careful diagnosis is necessary to exclude symptomatic lesions. (5) In up to 53% of migraineurs a few minutes' hyperventilation leads to generalized slow, wide-amplitude, sometimes episodic waves in the EEG. Similar changes also occur in healthy subjects, but are less common, less intense and of shorter duration. (6) There is a statistically significant correlation between the occurrence of a migraine and EEG activation by photic stimulation at frequencies over 20 Hz. (7) No unequivocal results obtained in large series of patients with train mapping are yet available.

Zusammenfassung

1. Bei elektroenzephalographischer Untersuchung von Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Kopfschmerzyndromen ohne strukturelle Ursache entspricht die Verteilung von unauffälligen und abnormen EEG-Ableitungen im kipfschmerzfreien Intervall in etwa denen von Gesunden. 2. Im Intervall finden sich bei überwiegend einfachen Migränen in bis zu 65% aller Ableitungen nichtfokale und unspezifische Veränderungen. 3. Im Migräneanfall finden sich relativ selten herdförmig verteilte EEG-Veränderungen, im wesentlichen bei Migränen mit transienten neurologischen Funktionsstörungen. 4. Ausgesprochen selten sind fokale permanente Veränderungen, die konstant auch im Intervall ableitbar sind. Solche Störungen müssen diagnostisch abgeklärt werden, um symptomatische Ursachen auszuschließen. 5. Nach mehrminütiger Hyperventilation treten bei Migränikern in bis zu 53% im EEG generalisierte, teils episodische hochamplitudige langsame Wellen auf. Ähnliche Veränderungen finden sich seltener, weniger intensiv und kürzer auch bei Gesunden. 6. Es besteht ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftreten einer Migräne und einer Aktivierung durch Photostimulation mit Frequenzen über 20 Hz. 7. Zur Methode des brain mapping liegen unwidersprochene Resultate an größeren Patientenserien bislang nicht vor.

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Nach einem Vortrag gehalten auf der Jahrestagung der deutschen Migräne Gesellschaft, Münster, 1989

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Thoden, U., Wichert, N. Grenzen und Möglichkeiten neurophysiologischer Methoden in der Erforschung und Diagnostik der Migräne. Schmerz 5, 1–8 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02529658

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